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• http://example.com

(:if equal {Site.PrintBook$:PSW} "Dog":) This Ballast seems to enable me to overcome an error in PMWiki on this site which only allows 3 external links unless this amount of text (>10,967 characters including spaces) is present on the page. It is very weird. VV Early booksPPPP* John Napier, abbpcllmeta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Books/Rabdologiae_seu_numerationis_per_virgula.pdfPPPPxxxRabdologiae seu numerationis per vigula, 1628 (first published 1617).PPPP* Blaise Pascal, abbpcllwww.bibnum.education.fr/calculinformatique/calcul/la-pascaline-la-«A0machine-qui-relève-du-défaut-de-la-mémoireA0»PPPPxxx”Lettre dédicatoire à Monseigneur le Chancelier sur le sujet de la machine nouvellement inventée par le Sieur B.P. pour faire toutes sortes d’opérations d’arithmétique, par un mouvement reglé, sans plume ny jettons avec un advis necessaire à ceux qui auront curiosité de voir ladite machine, & de s’en servir”, 1645.PPPP* Jacob Leupold, abbpcllmeta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Books/TheatrumArithmeticoGeometricum.pdfPPPPxxxTheatrum Arithmetico-Geometricum das ist: Schau-Platz der Rechen- und Mess-Kunst. . . . Christoph Zunkel, Leipzig, 1774 (first edition 1727). The best illustrated book on calculation and measurement published during the eighteenth century.PPPP* abbpcllebooks.library.cornell.edu/m/math/browse/title/a.phpPPPPxxxCornell University Library Historical Math Monographs. A wonderful collection of early mathematics books generally able to be read on line.PPPP* abbpcllwww.bibnum.education.fr/recherche/resultat/liste/PPPPxxxBibnum Classic scientific articles from before 1940 relevant to calculation, mathematics, and information science. Includes original documents from Pascale and Leibniz.PPPPPPVV Key websitesPPPPVV Survey websitesPPPP* abbpcllwww.rechnerlexikon.de/en/artikel/Main_PagePPPPxxxRechnerlexicon The leading and most comprehensive survey site for calculator specialists and collectors with information about almost every known mechanical calculator and a database of more than 23750 patents.PPPP* abbpcllwww.rechenmaschinen-illustrated.com/PPPPxxxRechenmaschinen-Illustrated: The most comprehensive listing of details about early calculating machines on the web. Based around the classic study Ernst Martin, Die Rechenmaschinen, 1925, and translated into English as abbpcllwww.rechenmaschinen-illustrated.com/PPPPxxxErnst Martin, “The Calculating Machines”, MIT Press and The Charles Babbage Institute, USA, “History of Computing” series, 1992.PP PP* abbpcllwww.histoire-informatique.org/idx/PPPPxxxHistoire de l’Informatique Wide-ranging gallery of calculators and associated information. [in French] PPPP* abbpcllwww.rechenkasten.de/BueromaschinenLexikon/index.htmlPPPPxxxBüromaschinen Lexikon Published by Goeller-Verlag the annual office machines dictionary provided a comprehensive illustrated overview of common office equipment for the respective years. This site provides collectors with the information on calculators from that website.[in German]PPPP* abbpcllhome.vicnet.net.au/~wolff/calculators/PPPPxxxJohn Wolff’s Web Museum Calculating Machines A wonderfully detailed site by an expert collector with great mechanical insight into the workings of the extensive set of calculators listed.PPPP* abbpcllw1.131.telia.com/~u13101111/typewriters.htmlPPPPxxxSwedish Typewriters Site - listing of antique office calculators From the home page select the “The Collection” in the navigation bar on the left, and then scroll down to the RäKNEMASKINER / CALCULATORS section.PPPP* abbpcllwww.ph-ludwigsburg.de/fileadmin/subsites/2e-imix-t-01/user_files/mmm/mmm_online/PPPPxxxMathematisches Maschinenemuseum Good historical summaries and a nice set of videos of machines in action.PPPP*abbpcllwww.mechrech.infoPPPPxxxBeiträge zur Geschichte des mechanischen Rechnens: Contributions to the History of Mechanical Calculation Good list of publications, books and historical articles dealing in particular with the history and internal workings of calculating machines. PPPP* abbpclled-thelen.org/comp-hist/on-line-docs.htmlPPPPxxxOnline documents A broad listing of useful links to documents covering the history of calculators.PPPP* abbpcllcalcollect.free.fr/machines/macha.htmPPPPxxxMichel Bardel’s list Tentative list of all existing mechanical machines since 1820, together with FAQs and serial numbers. An invaluable reference source.PPPP* abbpcllwww.thocp.net/timeline/1620.htmPPPPxxxHistory of Computer AntiquityPPPP* abbpcllbluemich.net/rechner/PPPPxxxMechanische Rechenhilfsmittel Mechanical Calculating Devices by Wolf G. Blümich (in German.)PPPP* abbpcllwww.madeasy.de/2/mathe.htmPPPPxxxMathematics site by Reiner Hoffmann in German.PPPP* abbpcllwww.opticaliamuseum.com/drawing/PPPPxxxOpticalia Museum - museum menu is working, but the catalogue menu was still under construction in May 2012.PPPP* abbpcllwww.mipaginapersonal.movistar.es/web3/calculating/LLIBRE%20JPG/INDEX%20SOLO.htm#alfaPPPPxxxÍndice de las Máquinas de Calcular a comprehensive survey site by Josep Balsach Peig, in Spanish.PPPP* abbpcllcalmeca.free.fr/calculmecanique_php/index_calmeca.php?lang=engPPPPxxxFrançois Babillot’s calculator website PPPPPPVV Manuals and InstructionsPPPP* abbpcllwww.rechenwerkzeug.de/default.htmPPPPxxxCalculator Manuals from Rechenwerkzeug.dePPPP* abbpcllwww.nicolamarras.it/calcolatoria/downloads_en.htmlPPPPxxxCalcolatoria downloadsPPPP* abbpcllwww.mathsinstruments.me.uk/page62.htmlPPPPxxxMathematical Instruments Catalogues and BrochuresPPPP* abbpcllwww.prehistoriadelainformatica.com/manuales-instructions/PPPPxxxPrehistoria de la Informatica Office CollectiblesPPPP* abbpcllusers.lewiston.com/ejorgens/office/miscellaneous/miscellaneous.htmlPPPPxxxMiscellaneous Manuals Pay site, but if you can’t get these elsewhere…PPPP* abbpcllofficemachinemanuals.com/catalog/miscellaneous.htmPPPPxxxOffice Machines America Pay site.PPPP* abbpcllwww.mechanicalculator.com/manuals/PPPPxxxCollection of Kees Nagtegaal useful set of manuals for slide rules and the more common calculators.PPPP* abbpcllabbpcllwww.mccoys-kecatalogs.com/KEManuals/manuals.htmPPPPxxxKeuffel & Esser Slide Rule Manuals and Catalogues site by Clark McCoy.PPPPPPVV Specialist websitesPPPP* abbpcllwww.arithmometre.orgPPPPxxxValéry Monnier’s extraordinary and expert website on the Thomas de Colmar ArithmometerPPPP* abbpcllwww.ami19.org/Arithmetic MachinesPPPPxxxArithmetical Machines & Instruments / 19th century Valéry Monnier’s other set of images and details of some of the most rare and precious calculating machines of the C19 (in French and English). PPPP* abbpcllmortati.com/glusker/elecmech/refslinks.htmPPPPxxxElectromechanical calculating machines from the 1960’s includes extensive lists of other relevant links and books.PPPP* abbpcllajmdeman.awardspace.info/PPPPxxxOriginal documents on the History of CalculatorsPPPP* abbpcllwww.yvesserra.fr/PPPPxxxLe cabinet de curiosités d’Yves Serra A nice presentation of information on early calculators (with particular attention to those of Pascale and Leibnitz).PPPP* abbpcllwww2.cruzio.com/~vagabond/ComptHome.htmlPPPPxxxComptometer Website Very authoritative website on the Felt & Tarrant Comptometer.PPPP* abbpcllwww.vcalc.net/PPPPxxxThe Calculator Reference Comprehensive coverage of abbpcllwww.vcalc.net/cu.htmPPPPxxxCurta, abbpcllwww.vcalc.net/hp.htmPPPPxxxHewlett Packard, and abbpcllwww.vcalc.net/ti.htmPPPPxxxTexas Instrument calculators. Includes links to other sites and manuals.PPPP* abbpcllhome.comcast.net/~wtodhner/calcs.htmlPPPPxxxWilliam Ohdner’s site commemorating the Ohdner calculatorPPPP* abbpcllwww.xnumber.com/xnumber/cmisc_facit_page.htmPPPPxxxFacit Page by James Redin including a comprehensive list of models of the Facit calculators.PPPP* abbpcllwww.xnumber.com/xnumber/facit_history.htmPPPPxxxHistory of the Facit Calculator by Christofer Nöring PPPP* abbpcllwww.taswegian.com/MOSCOW/soviet.htmlPPPPxxxMuseum of Soviet CalculatorsPPPP* abbpcllrk86.com/frolov/calcolle.htmPPPPxxxSoviet Calculators CollectionPPPP* abbpcllofficemachinemanuals.com/PPPPxxxOffice Machines Americana including a useful set of manuals.PPPP* abbpcllwww.calculators.de/PPPPxxxMuseum of Pocket Calculating Devices mainly focussing on electronic pocket calculators.PPPP* https://plus.google.com/photos/103618537816338035609/albums?banner=pwaPPPPxxxJohn Huey’s Picasawebalbum with illustrations of a wide range of Addiator Troncet calculators.PPPPPPVV Gunter Scales & SectorsPPPP* abbpcllwww.rainerstumpe.de/HTML/erl01.htmlPPPPxxxGunter Works All about Gunter Scales and Sectors and how to use them (mostly in German but also in part in English)PPPPVV Slide RulesPPPP* abbpcllsliderulemuseum.com/PPPPxxxInternational Slide Rule MuseumPPPP* abbpcllsliderulemuseum.com/HSRC_Menu.htmPPPPxxxHerman van Herwijnen’s Slide Rule Catalogue “LITE”PPPP* abbpcllwww.hh.schule.de/metalltechnik-didaktik/museum/rechenschieber/scheiben/rs9.htmPPPPxxxRechenscheiber im Online-MuseumPPPP* abbpcllwww.sliderule.ca/PPPPxxxEric’s Slide Rule SitePPPP* abbpcllsliderule.ozmanor.com/index.htmlPPPPxxxGreg’s slide rulesPPPP* abbpcllwww.sliderules.infoPPPPxxxRobert Manley’s Slide Rule SitePPPP* abbpcllbluemich.net/rechner/rma21.htm#14PPPPxxxAnhang 2.1: Bedienungs- und Serviceanleitungen für Tabellen, Rechenschieber, -scheiben, -walzen und -skalen Instructions for many slide rules.PPPP* abbpclloughtred.org/PPPPxxxThe Oughtred SocietyPPPP* abbpcllsliderules.lovett.com/cookiedev/extendedlitsearch.htmlPPPPxxxScanned back issues of the Oughtred Society Journal and other publications An essential reference site for enthusiasts. Access to the last five years publications requires a password and username to be provided by the Society.PPPP*abbpcllwww.rekeninstrumenten.nl/index.htmlPPPPxxxDutch Circle for Historical Calculating InstrumentsPPPP* abbpcllwww.hpmuseum.org/sliderul.htmPPPPxxxMuseum of HP Calculators History of Slide RulesPPPP* abbpcllwww.xnumber.com/xnumber/hp.htmPPPPxxxThe Death of the Slide Rule by James RedinPPPP* abbpcllwww.sliderule.it/PPPPxxxCollection of Giovanni BredaPPPP* abbpcllsliderulemuseum.com/SR_Links.htmPPPPxxxInternational Slide Rule Museum A survey site focussing primarily on slide rules with a wealth of links and other material including other related sites, and manuals and related material. See also its helpful and comprehensive abbpcllsliderulemuseum.com/SR_Links.htmPPPPxxxlinks page.PPPP* abbpcllwww.svpal.org/~dickel/OK/OtisKing.htmlPPPPxxxOtis King’s Patent Calculator Specialist site focussing on the Otis King cylindrical sliderule.PPPP* abbpclllinealis.org/PPPPxxxlinealis.org “Un site consacré aux instruments du calcul manuel tels que les règles et cercles à calcul, les curseurs, abaques, machines à calculer tenant dans la main, planimètres et intégrateurs.” PPPP* abbpcllwww.sphere.bc.ca/test/2archives.htmlPPPPThe Slide Rule Universe by Sphere research corporation.PPPPPPPPfarsome nasty examples of mediaeval torture chambers and dogs and cats and elephants and broils and gorgeous animals of all sorts measuring instruments of all sortsPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP (:ifend:)

• http://example.com
• http://example.com
• http://example.com

• example.com?
• example.com?
• example.com?
• example.com?

“file(s)” œ α.

“file(s)” œ

“file(s)”

“files”

quick check may be to try saving a page with the string “file(s)”

On Tue, Feb 28, 2006 at 01:05:49PM −0600, matt at flatalbert.com wrote: > I’m getting an error message when I try to edit *some* of my pages. > Here’s the error: > > Forbidden > You don’t have permission to access /pmwiki/index.php on this server. > Additionally, a 404 Not Found error was encountered while trying to > use an ErrorDocument to handle the request. > > Some of my pages work fine. Sometimes I can get rid of the error by > modifying the text I put in it. I tried to figure out exactly what > text was triggering it. > I found if I put “select from” in my page and try to save it, I’ll > get that error. I > > Any ideas on what’s causing it? It’s really annoying.

Your server is probably running apache with mod_security enabled. The mod_security module looks at the content of incoming requests (including scanning the contents of POST data) and if it sees anything suspicious it blocks the request with the “Forbidden” message.

A quick check may be to try saving a page with the string “file(s)” in it (including the “(s)” part) — if you get the Forbidden message then it’s likely that mod_security is the culprit.

For sites that are using ISO-8859–1 encoding (which is PmWiki’s default), mod_security will often block pages containing Latin-1 characters outside of the ASCII set. This isn’t an issue with UTF-8 encoded sites — but then again, UTF-8 has its own set of issues to deal with.

There’s little that PmWiki can do to work more cleanly with mod_security, since the post is blocked between the browser and the webserver, before PmWiki ever receives it. If you do find that it’s mod_security that is causing the issue, you might see if your administrator can disable it for the wiki.

Hope this helps,

Pm

(:if equal {Site.PrintBook$:PSW} "Dog":)

(:ifend:)

VV Early booksPPPP* John Napier, abbpcllmeta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Books/Rabdologiae_seu_numerationis_per_virgula.pdfPPPPxxxRabdologiae seu numerationis per vigula, 1628 (first published 1617).PPPP* Blaise Pascal, abbpcllwww.bibnum.education.fr/calculinformatique/calcul/la-pascaline-la-«A0machine-qui-relève-du-défaut-de-la-mémoireA0»PPPPxxx”Lettre dédicatoire à Monseigneur le Chancelier sur le sujet de la machine nouvellement inventée par le Sieur B.P. pour faire toutes sortes d’opérations d’arithmétique, par un mouvement reglé, sans plume ny jettons avec un advis necessaire à ceux qui auront curiosité de voir ladite machine, & de s’en servir”, 1645.PPPP* Jacob Leupold, abbpcllmeta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Books/TheatrumArithmeticoGeometricum.pdfPPPPxxxTheatrum Arithmetico-Geometricum das ist: Schau-Platz der Rechen- und Mess-Kunst. . . . Christoph Zunkel, Leipzig, 1774 (first edition 1727). The best illustrated book on calculation and measurement published during the eighteenth century.PPPP* abbpcllebooks.library.cornell.edu/m/math/browse/title/a.phpPPPPxxxCornell University Library Historical Math Monographs. A wonderful collection of early mathematics books generally able to be read on line.PPPP* abbpcllwww.bibnum.education.fr/recherche/resultat/liste/PPPPxxxBibnum Classic scientific articles from before 1940 relevant to calculation, mathematics, and information science. Includes original documents from Pascale and Leibniz.PPPPPPVV Key websitesPPPPVV Survey websitesPPPP* abbpcllwww.rechnerlexikon.de/en/artikel/Main_PagePPPPxxxRechnerlexicon The leading and most comprehensive survey site for calculator specialists and collectors with information about almost every known mechanical calculator and a database of more than 23750 patents.PPPP* abbpcllwww.rechenmaschinen-illustrated.com/PPPPxxxRechenmaschinen-Illustrated: The most comprehensive listing of details about early calculating machines on the web. Based around the classic study Ernst Martin, Die Rechenmaschinen, 1925, and translated into English as abbpcllwww.rechenmaschinen-illustrated.com/PPPPxxxErnst Martin, “The Calculating Machines”, MIT Press and The Charles Babbage Institute, USA, “History of Computing” series, 1992.PP PP* abbpcllwww.histoire-informatique.org/idx/PPPPxxxHistoire de l’Informatique Wide-ranging gallery of calculators and associated information. [in French] PPPP* abbpcllwww.rechenkasten.de/BueromaschinenLexikon/index.htmlPPPPxxxBüromaschinen Lexikon Published by Goeller-Verlag the annual office machines dictionary provided a comprehensive illustrated overview of common office equipment for the respective years. This site provides collectors with the information on calculators from that website.[in German]PPPP* abbpcllhome.vicnet.net.au/~wolff/calculators/PPPPxxxJohn Wolff’s Web Museum Calculating Machines A wonderfully detailed site by an expert collector with great mechanical insight into the workings of the extensive set of calculators listed.PPPP* abbpcllw1.131.telia.com/~u13101111/typewriters.htmlPPPPxxxSwedish Typewriters Site - listing of antique office calculators From the home page select the “The Collection” in the navigation bar on the left, and then scroll down to the RäKNEMASKINER / CALCULATORS section.PPPP* abbpcllwww.ph-ludwigsburg.de/fileadmin/subsites/2e-imix-t-01/user_files/mmm/mmm_online/PPPPxxxMathematisches Maschinenemuseum Good historical summaries and a nice set of videos of machines in action.PPPP*abbpcllwww.mechrech.infoPPPPxxxBeiträge zur Geschichte des mechanischen Rechnens: Contributions to the History of Mechanical Calculation Good list of publications, books and historical articles dealing in particular with the history and internal workings of calculating machines. PPPP* abbpclled-thelen.org/comp-hist/on-line-docs.htmlPPPPxxxOnline documents A broad listing of useful links to documents covering the history of calculators.PPPP* abbpcllcalcollect.free.fr/machines/macha.htmPPPPxxxMichel Bardel’s list Tentative list of all existing mechanical machines since 1820, together with FAQs and serial numbers. An invaluable reference source.PPPP* abbpcllwww.thocp.net/timeline/1620.htmPPPPxxxHistory of Computer AntiquityPPPP* abbpcllbluemich.net/rechner/PPPPxxxMechanische Rechenhilfsmittel Mechanical Calculating Devices by Wolf G. Blümich (in German.)PPPP* abbpcllwww.madeasy.de/2/mathe.htmPPPPxxxMathematics site by Reiner Hoffmann in German.PPPP* abbpcllwww.opticaliamuseum.com/drawing/PPPPxxxOpticalia Museum - museum menu is working, but the catalogue menu was still under construction in May 2012.PPPP* abbpcllwww.mipaginapersonal.movistar.es/web3/calculating/LLIBRE%20JPG/INDEX%20SOLO.htm#alfaPPPPxxxÍndice de las Máquinas de Calcular a comprehensive survey site by Josep Balsach Peig, in Spanish.PPPP* abbpcllcalmeca.free.fr/calculmecanique_php/index_calmeca.php?lang=engPPPPxxxFrançois Babillot’s calculator website PPPPPPVV Manuals and InstructionsPPPP* abbpcllwww.rechenwerkzeug.de/default.htmPPPPxxxCalculator Manuals from Rechenwerkzeug.dePPPP* abbpcllwww.nicolamarras.it/calcolatoria/downloads_en.htmlPPPPxxxCalcolatoria downloadsPPPP* abbpcllwww.mathsinstruments.me.uk/page62.htmlPPPPxxxMathematical Instruments Catalogues and BrochuresPPPP* abbpcllwww.prehistoriadelainformatica.com/manuales-instructions/PPPPxxxPrehistoria de la Informatica Office CollectiblesPPPP* abbpcllusers.lewiston.com/ejorgens/office/miscellaneous/miscellaneous.htmlPPPPxxxMiscellaneous Manuals Pay site, but if you can’t get these elsewhere…PPPP* abbpcllofficemachinemanuals.com/catalog/miscellaneous.htmPPPPxxxOffice Machines America Pay site.PPPP* abbpcllwww.mechanicalculator.com/manuals/PPPPxxxCollection of Kees Nagtegaal useful set of manuals for slide rules and the more common calculators.PPPP* abbpcllabbpcllwww.mccoys-kecatalogs.com/KEManuals/manuals.htmPPPPxxxKeuffel & Esser Slide Rule Manuals and Catalogues site by Clark McCoy.PPPPPPVV Specialist websitesPPPP* abbpcllwww.arithmometre.orgPPPPxxxValéry Monnier’s extraordinary and expert website on the Thomas de Colmar ArithmometerPPPP* abbpcllwww.ami19.org/Arithmetic MachinesPPPPxxxArithmetical Machines & Instruments / 19th century Valéry Monnier’s other set of images and details of some of the most rare and precious calculating machines of the C19 (in French and English). PPPP* abbpcllmortati.com/glusker/elecmech/refslinks.htmPPPPxxxElectromechanical calculating machines from the 1960’s includes extensive lists of other relevant links and books.PPPP* abbpcllajmdeman.awardspace.info/PPPPxxxOriginal documents on the History of CalculatorsPPPP* abbpcllwww.yvesserra.fr/PPPPxxxLe cabinet de curiosités d’Yves Serra A nice presentation of information on early calculators (with particular attention to those of Pascale and Leibnitz).PPPP* abbpcllwww2.cruzio.com/~vagabond/ComptHome.htmlPPPPxxxComptometer Website Very authoritative website on the Felt & Tarrant Comptometer.PPPP* abbpcllwww.vcalc.net/PPPPxxxThe Calculator Reference Comprehensive coverage of abbpcllwww.vcalc.net/cu.htmPPPPxxxCurta, abbpcllwww.vcalc.net/hp.htmPPPPxxxHewlett Packard, and abbpcllwww.vcalc.net/ti.htmPPPPxxxTexas Instrument calculators. Includes links to other sites and manuals.PPPP* abbpcllhome.comcast.net/~wtodhner/calcs.htmlPPPPxxxWilliam Ohdner’s site commemorating the Ohdner calculatorPPPP* abbpcllwww.xnumber.com/xnumber/cmisc_facit_page.htmPPPPxxxFacit Page by James Redin including a comprehensive list of models of the Facit calculators.PPPP* abbpcllwww.xnumber.com/xnumber/facit_history.htmPPPPxxxHistory of the Facit Calculator by Christofer Nöring PPPP* abbpcllwww.taswegian.com/MOSCOW/soviet.htmlPPPPxxxMuseum of Soviet CalculatorsPPPP* abbpcllrk86.com/frolov/calcolle.htmPPPPxxxSoviet Calculators CollectionPPPP* abbpcllofficemachinemanuals.com/PPPPxxxOffice Machines Americana including a useful set of manuals.PPPP* abbpcllwww.calculators.de/PPPPxxxMuseum of Pocket Calculating Devices mainly focussing on electronic pocket calculators.PPPP* https://plus.google.com/photos/103618537816338035609/albums?banner=pwaPPPPxxxJohn Huey’s Picasawebalbum with illustrations of a wide range of Addiator Troncet calculators.PPPPPPVV Gunter Scales & SectorsPPPP* abbpcllwww.rainerstumpe.de/HTML/erl01.htmlPPPPxxxGunter Works All about Gunter Scales and Sectors and how to use them (mostly in German but also in part in English)PPPPVV Slide RulesPPPP* abbpcllsliderulemuseum.com/PPPPxxxInternational Slide Rule MuseumPPPP* abbpcllsliderulemuseum.com/HSRC_Menu.htmPPPPxxxHerman van Herwijnen’s Slide Rule Catalogue “LITE”PPPP* abbpcllwww.hh.schule.de/metalltechnik-didaktik/museum/rechenschieber/scheiben/rs9.htmPPPPxxxRechenscheiber im Online-MuseumPPPP* abbpcllwww.sliderule.ca/PPPPxxxEric’s Slide Rule SitePPPP* abbpcllsliderule.ozmanor.com/index.htmlPPPPxxxGreg’s slide rulesPPPP* abbpcllwww.sliderules.infoPPPPxxxRobert Manley’s Slide Rule SitePPPP* abbpcllbluemich.net/rechner/rma21.htm#14PPPPxxxAnhang 2.1: Bedienungs- und Serviceanleitungen für Tabellen, Rechenschieber, -scheiben, -walzen und -skalen Instructions for many slide rules.PPPP* abbpclloughtred.org/PPPPxxxThe Oughtred SocietyPPPP* abbpcllsliderules.lovett.com/cookiedev/extendedlitsearch.htmlPPPPxxxScanned back issues of the Oughtred Society Journal and other publications An essential reference site for enthusiasts. Access to the last five years publications requires a password and username to be provided by the Society.PPPP*abbpcllwww.rekeninstrumenten.nl/index.htmlPPPPxxxDutch Circle for Historical Calculating InstrumentsPPPP* abbpcllwww.hpmuseum.org/sliderul.htmPPPPxxxMuseum of HP Calculators History of Slide RulesPPPP* abbpcllwww.xnumber.com/xnumber/hp.htmPPPPxxxThe Death of the Slide Rule by James RedinPPPP* abbpcllwww.sliderule.it/PPPPxxxCollection of Giovanni BredaPPPP* abbpcllsliderulemuseum.com/SR_Links.htmPPPPxxxInternational Slide Rule Museum A survey site focussing primarily on slide rules with a wealth of links and other material including other related sites, and manuals and related material. See also its helpful and comprehensive abbpcllsliderulemuseum.com/SR_Links.htmPPPPxxxlinks page.PPPP* abbpcllwww.svpal.org/~dickel/OK/OtisKing.htmlPPPPxxxOtis King’s Patent Calculator Specialist site focussing on the Otis King cylindrical sliderule.PPPP* abbpclllinealis.org/PPPPxxxlinealis.org “Un site consacré aux instruments du calcul manuel tels que les règles et cercles à calcul, les curseurs, abaques, machines à calculer tenant dans la main, planimètres et intégrateurs.” PPPP* abbpcllwww.sphere.bc.ca/test/2archives.htmlPPPPThe Slide Rule Universe by Sphere research corporation.PPPPPPPPfarsome nasty examples of mediaeval torture chambers and dogs and cats and elephants and broils and gorgeous animals of all sorts measuring instruments of all sortsPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

VV Early books

• John Napier, abbpcllmeta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Books/Rabdologiae_seu_numerationis_per_virgula.pdf

xxxRabdologiae seu numerationis per vigula, 1628 (first published 1617).

• Blaise Pascal, abbpcllwww.bibnum.education.fr/calculinformatique/calcul/la-pascaline-la-«A0machine-qui-relève-du-défaut-de-la-mémoireA0»

xxx”Lettre dédicatoire à Monseigneur le Chancelier sur le sujet de la machine nouvellement inventée par le Sieur B.P. pour faire toutes sortes d’opérations d’arithmétique, par un mouvement reglé, sans plume ny jettons avec un advis necessaire à ceux qui auront curiosité de voir ladite machine, & de s’en servir”, 1645.

• Jacob Leupold, abbpcllmeta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Books/TheatrumArithmeticoGeometricum.pdf

xxxTheatrum Arithmetico-Geometricum das ist: Schau-Platz der Rechen- und Mess-Kunst. . . . Christoph Zunkel, Leipzig, 1774 (first edition 1727). The best illustrated book on calculation and measurement published during the eighteenth century.

• abbpcllebooks.library.cornell.edu/m/math/browse/title/a.php

xxxCornell University Library Historical Math Monographs. A wonderful collection of early mathematics books generally able to be read on line.

• abbpcllwww.bibnum.education.fr/recherche/resultat/liste/

xxxBibnum Classic scientific articles from before 1940 relevant to calculation, mathematics, and information science. Includes original documents from Pascale and Leibniz.

VV Key websites

VV Survey websites

• abbpcllwww.rechnerlexikon.de/en/artikel/Main_Page

xxxRechnerlexicon The leading and most comprehensive survey site for calculator specialists and collectors with information about almost every known mechanical calculator and a database of more than 23750 patents.

• abbpcllwww.rechenmaschinen-illustrated.com/

xxxRechenmaschinen-Illustrated: The most comprehensive listing of details about early calculating machines on the web. Based around the classic study Ernst Martin, Die Rechenmaschinen, 1925, and translated into English as abbpcllwww.rechenmaschinen-illustrated.com/

xxxErnst Martin, “The Calculating Machines”, MIT Press and The Charles Babbage Institute, USA, “History of Computing” series, 1992.

• abbpcllwww.histoire-informatique.org/idx/

xxxHistoire de l’Informatique Wide-ranging gallery of calculators and associated information. [in French]

• abbpcllwww.rechenkasten.de/BueromaschinenLexikon/index.html

xxxBüromaschinen Lexikon Published by Goeller-Verlag the annual office machines dictionary provided a comprehensive illustrated overview of common office equipment for the respective years. This site provides collectors with the information on calculators from that website.[in German]

• abbpcllhome.vicnet.net.au/~wolff/calculators/

xxxJohn Wolff’s Web Museum Calculating Machines A wonderfully detailed site by an expert collector with great mechanical insight into the workings of the extensive set of calculators listed.

• abbpcllw1.131.telia.com/~u13101111/typewriters.html

xxxSwedish Typewriters Site - listing of antique office calculators From the home page select the “The Collection” in the navigation bar on the left, and then scroll down to the RäKNEMASKINER / CALCULATORS section.

• abbpcllwww.ph-ludwigsburg.de/fileadmin/subsites/2e-imix-t-01/user_files/mmm/mmm_online/

xxxMathematisches Maschinenemuseum Good historical summaries and a nice set of videos of machines in action.

• abbpcllwww.mechrech.info

xxxBeiträge zur Geschichte des mechanischen Rechnens: Contributions to the History of Mechanical Calculation Good list of publications, books and historical articles dealing in particular with the history and internal workings of calculating machines.

• abbpclled-thelen.org/comp-hist/on-line-docs.html

xxxOnline documents A broad listing of useful links to documents covering the history of calculators.

• abbpcllcalcollect.free.fr/machines/macha.htm

xxxMichel Bardel’s list Tentative list of all existing mechanical machines since 1820, together with FAQs and serial numbers. An invaluable reference source.

• abbpcllwww.thocp.net/timeline/1620.htm

xxxHistory of Computer Antiquity

• abbpcllbluemich.net/rechner/

xxxMechanische Rechenhilfsmittel Mechanical Calculating Devices by Wolf G. Blümich (in German.)

• abbpcllwww.madeasy.de/2/mathe.htm

xxxMathematics site by Reiner Hoffmann in German.

• abbpcllwww.opticaliamuseum.com/drawing/

xxxOpticalia Museum - museum menu is working, but the catalogue menu was still under construction in May 2012.

• abbpcllwww.mipaginapersonal.movistar.es/web3/calculating/LLIBRE%20JPG/INDEX%20SOLO.htm#alfa

xxxÍndice de las Máquinas de Calcular a comprehensive survey site by Josep Balsach Peig, in Spanish.

• abbpcllcalmeca.free.fr/calculmecanique_php/index_calmeca.php?lang=eng

xxxFrançois Babillot’s calculator website

VV Manuals and Instructions

• abbpcllwww.rechenwerkzeug.de/default.htm

xxxCalculator Manuals from Rechenwerkzeug.de

• abbpcllwww.nicolamarras.it/calcolatoria/downloads_en.html

xxxCalcolatoria downloads

• abbpcllwww.mathsinstruments.me.uk/page62.html

xxxMathematical Instruments Catalogues and Brochures

• abbpcllwww.prehistoriadelainformatica.com/manuales-instructions/

xxxPrehistoria de la Informatica Office Collectibles

• abbpcllusers.lewiston.com/ejorgens/office/miscellaneous/miscellaneous.html

xxxMiscellaneous Manuals Pay site, but if you can’t get these elsewhere…

• abbpcllofficemachinemanuals.com/catalog/miscellaneous.htm

xxxOffice Machines America Pay site.

• abbpcllwww.mechanicalculator.com/manuals/

xxxCollection of Kees Nagtegaal useful set of manuals for slide rules and the more common calculators.

• abbpcllabbpcllwww.mccoys-kecatalogs.com/KEManuals/manuals.htm

xxxKeuffel & Esser Slide Rule Manuals and Catalogues site by Clark McCoy.

VV Specialist websites

• abbpcllwww.arithmometre.org

xxxValéry Monnier’s extraordinary and expert website on the Thomas de Colmar Arithmometer

• abbpcllwww.ami19.org/Arithmetic Machines

xxxArithmetical Machines & Instruments / 19th century Valéry Monnier’s other set of images and details of some of the most rare and precious calculating machines of the C19 (in French and English).

• abbpcllmortati.com/glusker/elecmech/refslinks.htm

xxxElectromechanical calculating machines from the 1960’s includes extensive lists of other relevant links and books.

• abbpcllajmdeman.awardspace.info/

xxxOriginal documents on the History of Calculators

• abbpcllwww.yvesserra.fr/

xxxLe cabinet de curiosités d’Yves Serra A nice presentation of information on early calculators (with particular attention to those of Pascale and Leibnitz).

• abbpcllwww2.cruzio.com/~vagabond/ComptHome.html

xxxComptometer Website Very authoritative website on the Felt & Tarrant Comptometer.

• abbpcllwww.vcalc.net/

xxxThe Calculator Reference Comprehensive coverage of abbpcllwww.vcalc.net/cu.htm

xxxCurta, abbpcllwww.vcalc.net/hp.htm

xxxHewlett Packard, and abbpcllwww.vcalc.net/ti.htm

xxxTexas Instrument calculators. Includes links to other sites and manuals.

• abbpcllhome.comcast.net/~wtodhner/calcs.html

xxxWilliam Ohdner’s site commemorating the Ohdner calculator

• abbpcllwww.xnumber.com/xnumber/cmisc_facit_page.htm

xxxFacit Page by James Redin including a comprehensive list of models of the Facit calculators.

• abbpcllwww.xnumber.com/xnumber/facit_history.htm

xxxHistory of the Facit Calculator by Christofer Nöring

• abbpcllwww.taswegian.com/MOSCOW/soviet.html

xxxMuseum of Soviet Calculators

• abbpcllrk86.com/frolov/calcolle.htm

xxxSoviet Calculators Collection

• abbpcllofficemachinemanuals.com/

xxxOffice Machines Americana including a useful set of manuals.

• abbpcllwww.calculators.de/

xxxMuseum of Pocket Calculating Devices mainly focussing on electronic pocket calculators.

xxxJohn Huey’s Picasawebalbum with illustrations of a wide range of Addiator Troncet calculators.

VV Gunter Scales & Sectors

• abbpcllwww.rainerstumpe.de/HTML/erl01.html

xxxGunter Works All about Gunter Scales and Sectors and how to use them (mostly in German but also in part in English)

VV Slide Rules

• abbpcllsliderulemuseum.com/

xxxInternational Slide Rule Museum

• abbpcllsliderulemuseum.com/HSRC_Menu.htm

xxxHerman van Herwijnen’s Slide Rule Catalogue “LITE”

• abbpcllwww.hh.schule.de/metalltechnik-didaktik/museum/rechenschieber/scheiben/rs9.htm

xxxRechenscheiber im Online-Museum

• abbpcllwww.sliderule.ca/

xxxEric’s Slide Rule Site

• abbpcllsliderule.ozmanor.com/index.html

xxxGreg’s slide rules

• abbpcllwww.sliderules.info

xxxRobert Manley’s Slide Rule Site

• abbpcllbluemich.net/rechner/rma21.htm#14

xxxAnhang 2.1: Bedienungs- und Serviceanleitungen für Tabellen, Rechenschieber, -scheiben, -walzen und -skalen Instructions for many slide rules.

• abbpclloughtred.org/

xxxThe Oughtred Society

• abbpcllsliderules.lovett.com/cookiedev/extendedlitsearch.html

xxxScanned back issues of the Oughtred Society Journal and other publications An essential reference site for enthusiasts. Access to the last five years publications requires a password and username to be provided by the Society.

• abbpcllwww.rekeninstrumenten.nl/index.html

xxxDutch Circle for Historical Calculating Instruments

• abbpcllwww.hpmuseum.org/sliderul.htm

xxxMuseum of HP Calculators History of Slide Rules

• abbpcllwww.xnumber.com/xnumber/hp.htm

xxxThe Death of the Slide Rule by James Redin

• abbpcllwww.sliderule.it/

xxxCollection of Giovanni Breda

• abbpcllsliderulemuseum.com/SR_Links.htm

xxxInternational Slide Rule Museum A survey site focussing primarily on slide rules with a wealth of links and other material including other related sites, and manuals and related material. See also its helpful and comprehensive abbpcllsliderulemuseum.com/SR_Links.htm

xxxlinks page.

• abbpcllwww.svpal.org/~dickel/OK/OtisKing.html

xxxOtis King’s Patent Calculator Specialist site focussing on the Otis King cylindrical sliderule.

• abbpclllinealis.org/

xxxlinealis.org “Un site consacré aux instruments du calcul manuel tels que les règles et cercles à calcul, les curseurs, abaques, machines à calculer tenant dans la main, planimètres et intégrateurs.”

• abbpcllwww.sphere.bc.ca/test/2archives.html

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(:ifend:)

(:Title e-Library:)

This is a collection of electronic resources (including selected links to other relevant websites) which form part of the background to the collected objects and associated analysis.

Early books

• John Napier, Rabdologiae seu numerationis per vigula, 1628 (first published 1617).
• Blaise Pascal, “Lettre dédicatoire à Monseigneur le Chancelier sur le sujet de la machine nouvellement inventée par le Sieur B.P. pour faire toutes sortes d’opérations d’arithmétique, par un mouvement reglé, sans plume ny jettons avec un advis necessaire à ceux qui auront curiosité de voir ladite machine, & de s’en servir”, 1645.
• Jacob Leupold, Theatrum Arithmetico-Geometricum das ist: Schau-Platz der Rechen- und Mess-Kunst. . . . Christoph Zunkel, Leipzig, 1774 (first edition 1727). The best illustrated book on calculation and measurement published during the eighteenth century.
• Cornell University Library Historical Math Monographs. A wonderful collection of early mathematics books generally able to be read on line.
• Bibnum Classic scientific articles from before 1940 relevant to calculation, mathematics, and information science. Includes original documents from Pascale and Leibniz.

Key websites

Survey websites

• Rechnerlexicon The leading and most comprehensive survey site for calculator specialists and collectors with information about almost every known mechanical calculator and a database of more than 23750 patents.
• Rechenmaschinen-Illustrated: The most comprehensive listing of details about early calculating machines on the web. Based around the classic study Ernst Martin, Die Rechenmaschinen, 1925, and translated into English as Ernst Martin, “The Calculating Machines”, MIT Press and The Charles Babbage Institute, USA, “History of Computing” series, 1992.
• Histoire de l’Informatique Wide-ranging gallery of calculators and associated information. [in French] 
• Büromaschinen Lexikon Published by Goeller-Verlag the annual office machines dictionary provided a comprehensive illustrated overview of common office equipment for the respective years. This site provides collectors with the information on calculators from that website.[in German]
• John Wolff’s Web Museum Calculating Machines A wonderfully detailed site by an expert collector with great mechanical insight into the workings of the extensive set of calculators listed.
• Swedish Typewriters Site - listing of antique office calculators From the home page select the “The Collection” in the navigation bar on the left, and then scroll down to the RÄKNEMASKINER / CALCULATORS section.
• Mathematisches Maschinenemuseum Good historical summaries and a nice set of videos of machines in action.
• Beiträge zur Geschichte des mechanischen Rechnens: Contributions to the History of Mechanical Calculation Good list of publications, books and historical articles dealing in particular with the history and internal workings of calculating machines.
• Online documents A broad listing of useful links to documents covering the history of calculators.
• Michel Bardel’s list Tentative list of all existing mechanical machines since 1820, together with FAQs and serial numbers. An invaluable reference source.
• History of Computer Antiquity
• Mechanische Rechenhilfsmittel Mechanical Calculating Devices by Wolf G. Blümich (in German.)
• Mathematics site by Reiner Hoffmann in German.
• Opticalia Museum - museum menu is working, but the catalogue menu was still under construction in May 2012.
• Índice de las Máquinas de Calcular a comprehensive survey site by Josep Balsach Peig, in Spanish.
• François Babillot’s calculator website

Manuals and Instructions

• Calculator Manuals from Rechenwerkzeug.de
• Calcolatoria downloads
• Mathematical Instruments Catalogues and Brochures
• Prehistoria de la Informatica Office Collectibles
• Miscellaneous Manuals Pay site, but if you can’t get these elsewhere…
• Office Machines America Pay site.
• Collection of Kees Nagtegaal useful set of manuals for slide rules and the more common calculators.
• Keuffel & Esser Slide Rule Manuals and Catalogues site by Clark McCoy.

Specialist websites

• Valéry Monnier’s extraordinary and expert website on the Thomas de Colmar Arithmometer
• Arithmetical Machines & Instruments / 19th century Valéry Monnier’s other set of images and details of some of the most rare and precious calculating machines of the C19 (in French and English).
• Electromechanical calculating machines from the 1960’s includes extensive lists of other relevant links and books.
• Original documents on the History of Calculators
• Le cabinet de curiosités d’Yves Serra A nice presentation of information on early calculators (with particular attention to those of Pascale and Leibnitz).
• Comptometer Website Very authoritative website on the Felt & Tarrant Comptometer.
• The Calculator Reference Comprehensive coverage of Curta, Hewlett Packard, and Texas Instrument calculators. Includes links to other sites and manuals.
• William Ohdner’s site commemorating the Ohdner calculator
• Facit Page by James Redin including a comprehensive list of models of the Facit calculators.
• History of the Facit Calculator by Christofer Nöring
• Museum of Soviet Calculators
• Soviet Calculators Collection
• Office Machines Americana including a useful set of manuals.
• Museum of Pocket Calculating Devices mainly focussing on electronic pocket calculators.
• John Huey’s Picasawebalbum with illustrations of a wide range of Addiator Troncet calculators.
• Gerald Saudan from Switzerland’s MADAS specialist site.

Gunter Scales & Sectors

• Gunter Works All about Gunter Scales and Sectors and how to use them (mostly in German but also in part in English)

Slide Rules

• International Slide Rule Museum
• Herman van Herwijnen’s Slide Rule Catalogue “LITE”
• Rechenscheiber im Online-Museum
• Eric’s Slide Rule Site
• Greg’s slide rules
• Robert Manley’s Slide Rule Site
• Anhang 2.1: Bedienungs- und Serviceanleitungen für Tabellen, Rechenschieber, -scheiben, -walzen und -skalen Instructions for many slide rules.
• The Oughtred Society
• Scanned back issues of the Oughtred Society Journal and other publications An essential reference site for enthusiasts. Access to the last five years publications requires a password and username to be provided by the Society.
• Dutch Circle for Historical Calculating Instruments
• Museum of HP Calculators History of Slide Rules
• The Death of the Slide Rule by James Redin
• Collection of Giovanni Breda
• International Slide Rule Museum A survey site focussing primarily on slide rules with a wealth of links and other material including other related sites, and manuals and related material. See also its helpful and comprehensive links page.
• Otis King’s Patent Calculator Specialist site focussing on the Otis King cylindrical sliderule.
• linealis.org “Un site consacré aux instruments du calcul manuel tels que les règles et cercles à calcul, les curseurs, abaques, machines à calculer tenant dans la main, planimètres et intégrateurs.”
• The Slide Rule Universe by Sphere research corporation.

Measuring & Drawing Instruments

• CollectingMe.com Some nice examples of various antique measuring instruments.
• Peter Giringhelli’s collection of measuring and drawing instruments, and rules
• Geometricum Markus Geissbuehler presents a systematic presentation of scientific instruments, in particular astronomical, drawing instruments and surveying instruments from Roman to C19
• Mathematical Instruments: A Private Collection

Museums

• The Arithmeum, Bonn A specialist museum focussed on the history of calculation, housing many rare and precious antique calculators.
• Science Museum (UK)
• The Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum Claims to be the world’s biggest computer museum, situated in Paderborn, Germany.
• List of museums at www.arithmometer.org
• Stuttgart Landesmuseum
• Mathematische Maschinenmuseum. Collection of the Hochschule in Ludwigsburg (Germany)
• University of Greifswald An extensive mechanical calculator collection.
• Computer Museum Aachen Primarily electronic computers.
• The Museum of Modern Human Progress (The American Computer Museum)
• Stichting Computermuseum (Netherlands)
• The Computer History Museum (Mountain View, California, USA)
• Insterstices Machines à calculer l’association pour le musée international du calcul, de l’informatique et de l’automatique de Valbonne Sophia Antipolis (Amisa ) présente quelques pièces de son patrimoine.

Other Useful Sites

• History of Mechanical Calculators Part of James Redin’s Xnumber World of Personal Caclulators site. Some useful links to documents (also listed in other sites.)
• Vintage Calculators Website A significant number of photos of the more widely collected old mechanical calculators, together with a survey of electrical and electronic machines.
• Recommended links by Chris from Calclist
• rechenwerkzeug Reinhard Atzbach’s site with a very nice range of antique calculators generally in very nice condition, and an extensive listing of relevant literature (in German).
• Calculatrice
• The Early Office Museum
• Aus der Rechenmaschinen-Werkstatt von D. Bölter
• Retrocalculators.com
• Mein Rechner tut’s auch ohne Strom…
• Jan Meyer’s Geschichte der Rechenhilfsmittel
• Schneemanns web page
• Wim Hasselo’s comprehensive website
• Cris Vandevel’s Antique Mechanical Four-species Calculators
• François Babillot’s Database of Antique Calculators
• General calculator list from the “Museum of HP Calculators”
• Yesterday’s Office includes a forum for collectors of office antiques.
• WikiCollecting article on collecting calculators
• Giovanni Breda’s list of calculator collector and calculator & slide rule websites
• Philip A Cannon II’s site with a great deal of information cataloguing makers of instruments.
• Mid-West Tool Collectors Association List of US antique tool dealers (not particularly calculators, but some relevant tools are accessible).
• Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christian-M. Hamann’s calculator site
• Mark Glusker’s calculator site

Associations of Calculator Collectors, Collectors Lists, and Collector Mail Lists

• CALCLIST a “must” subscription for the serious calculator collector.
• Old Calculator Forum e-mail list website mainly but not exclusively focussing on electric and early electronic calculators.
• Old Electronic Calculators Yahoo group primarily for old electronic calculators.
• Yahoo slide-rule group. It is very active.
• ANCMECA - machine à écrire mécanique et à la machine à calculer mécanique in multiple languages.
• IFHB Internationales Forum Historische Bürowelt e.V. with also an extensive set of links to other relevant sites.
• Webring of Calculator Collecting simply a web-ring for those interested.
• Milestones in the History of Thematic Cartography, Statistical Graphics, and Data Visualization a nice timeline with links.
• Mechanical Calculator Collectors in the Net, list by James Redin

Personal Collections

• List of famous calculator collectors
• Another list of collectors
• Collection of Walter Szrek
• Collection of Jay M. Goldman
• Nathan’s Possibly Interesting History of Computing Website
• Collection of Herman Price
• Collection of Kees Nagtegaal
• Collection of Christophe Mery
• Collection of Nico Baaijens
• Topeka Computing Museum - “Ed’s 948 Collection”
• Collection of Peter Kernwein
• “Old Bits” collection of Frank Salomon
• Calculator Collection of Anthon (Tony) Thimet
• Fred’s Mechanical Calculators Calculator collection of Fred Haegen
• Prehistoriadelainformatica High quality collection of office machines by Eduardo Guillem, in Spanish. Includes a fine selection of antique mechanical calculators and a number of manuals.
• Collection of Andreas Tabak
• Museo didattico del Computer in Itallian
• Telmachineverzameling Bob de Groot in Dutch
• sikkepit Collection of Jantine Bloemhof (in Dutch) primarily aimed at demonstrating to school children different ways of doing calculations before the advent of electronic calculators.
• Calculant - well you must know about that, or you wouldn’t be here…

Online stores

Some useful stores of antique scientific instruments. (Calculant has no financial connection with any of these stores and cannot vouch for anything advertised. Caveat Emptor applies!)

• Fleaglass - a store front for a range of private sellers and dealers for various categories of antique scientific instruments including those for calculation
• The Gemmary Antique Scientific Instruments and Old & Rare Books - both a dealer and store front for sales on consignment. Pricing tends to conform to the high quality of both the objects and the great care and expertise with which they are described, questions answered, and orders executed. The proprietor, Dr RC Blankenhorn is a well known expert in this field.
• ebay US, ebay Australia, ebay Germany, ebay Austria, ebay France, ebay UK, ebay Italy and in general ebay around the world is probably the prime location for purchase of the more common (and some less common) antique calculation devices and books. Prices are very variable and if you are lucky ridiculously cheap (or conversely absurdly expensive). You are absolutely on your own in judging the merit of the items on offer. Dates and descriptions are often on a scale of misleading to fanciful. Things advertised as “rare” are more often than not not.
• Gilai Collectibles.
• Teseract Early Scientific Instruments - a pricey but high quality inventory of antique scientific instruments including a notable collection of rules, sectors, and surveying and measuring instruments.
• Meeker’s Mechanical Nature Antiques - a cheap but generally not very old set of rules and drawing instruments.
• The Best of Things - primarily of interest for vintage measuring tools, primarily but not only from America.
• Scientific Instrument Society - UK listing of dealers in scientific instruments, notably including mathematical instruments.
• Antique Scientific Instruments U.K..
• Newbegin Antiques.
• Antiques of Science and Technology A short list of calculators, prices on application.
• Auction Team Breker (Köln (Godorf), Germany) run a scientific instruments speciality auction several times per year and occasionally also list items on ebay.
• Bonhams (London) run occasional auctions of scientific instruments.

Reference

• Webster Signature Database Provides an excellent starting point for searching for details of past makers of scientific instruments.

(:ifend:)

(:if equal {Site.PrintBook$:PSW} "True":)

This is a collection of electronic resources (including selected links to other relevant websites) which form part of the background to the collected objects and associated analysis.

Early books

• John Napier, http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Books/Rabdologiae_seu_numerationis_per_virgula.pdf

• Blaise Pascal, http://www.bibnum.education.fr/calculinformatique/calcul/la-pascaline-la-«%C2%A0machine-qui-relève-du-défaut-de-la-mémoire%C2%A0»

• Jacob Leupold, http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Books/TheatrumArithmeticoGeometricum.pdf

• http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/m/math/browse/title/a.php

• http://www.bibnum.education.fr/recherche/resultat/liste/

Key websites

Survey websites

• http://www.rechnerlexikon.de/en/artikel/Main_Page

• http://www.rechenmaschinen-illustrated.com/

• http://www.histoire-informatique.org/idx/

• http://www.rechenkasten.de/BueromaschinenLexikon/index.html

• http://home.vicnet.net.au/~wolff/calculators/

• http://w1.131.telia.com/~u13101111/typewriters.html

• http://www.ph-ludwigsburg.de/fileadmin/subsites/2e-imix-t-01/user_files/mmm/mmm_online/

• http://www.mechrech.info

• http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/on-line-docs.html

• http://calcollect.free.fr/machines/macha.htm

• http://www.thocp.net/timeline/1620.htm

• http://bluemich.net/rechner/

• http://www.madeasy.de/2/mathe.htm

• http://www.opticaliamuseum.com/drawing/

• http://www.mipaginapersonal.movistar.es/web3/calculating/LLIBRE%20JPG/INDEX%20SOLO.htm#alfa

• http://calmeca.free.fr/calculmecanique_php/index_calmeca.php?lang=eng

Manuals and Instructions

• http://www.rechenwerkzeug.de/default.htm

• http://www.nicolamarras.it/calcolatoria/downloads_en.html

• http://www.mathsinstruments.me.uk/page62.html

• http://www.prehistoriadelainformatica.com/manuales-instructions/

• http://users.lewiston.com/ejorgens/office/miscellaneous/miscellaneous.html

• http://officemachinemanuals.com/catalog/miscellaneous.htm

• http://www.mechanicalculator.com/manuals/

• http://http://www.mccoys-kecatalogs.com/KEManuals/manuals.htm

Specialist websites

• http://www.arithmometre.org

• http://www.ami19.org/Arithmetic Machines

• http://mortati.com/glusker/elecmech/refslinks.htm

• http://ajmdeman.awardspace.info/

• http://www.yvesserra.fr/

• http://www2.cruzio.com/~vagabond/ComptHome.html

• http://www.vcalc.net/

• http://home.comcast.net/~wtodhner/calcs.html

• http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/cmisc_facit_page.htm

• http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/facit_history.htm

• http://www.taswegian.com/MOSCOW/soviet.html

• http://rk86.com/frolov/calcolle.htm

• http://officemachinemanuals.com/

• http://www.calculators.de/

• https://plus.google.com/photos/103618537816338035609/albums?banner=pwa

Gunter Scales & Sectors

• http://www.rainerstumpe.de/HTML/erl01.html

Slide Rules

• http://sliderulemuseum.com/

• http://sliderulemuseum.com/HSRC_Menu.htm

• http://www.hh.schule.de/metalltechnik-didaktik/museum/rechenschieber/scheiben/rs9.htm

• http://www.sliderule.ca/

• http://sliderule.ozmanor.com/index.html

• http://www.sliderules.info

• http://bluemich.net/rechner/rma21.htm#14

• http://oughtred.org/

• http://sliderules.lovett.com/cookiedev/extendedlitsearch.html

• http://www.rekeninstrumenten.nl/index.html

• http://www.hpmuseum.org/sliderul.htm

• http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/hp.htm

• http://www.sliderule.it/

• http://sliderulemuseum.com/SR_Links.htm

• http://www.svpal.org/~dickel/OK/OtisKing.html

• http://linealis.org/

• http://www.sphere.bc.ca/test/2archives.html

Measuring & Drawing Instruments

• http://collectingme.com/measuring/

• http://www.petergh.f2s.com/instruments2.html

• http://geometricum.jimdo.com/collection/scientific-instruments/

• http://www.mathsinstruments.me.uk/page6.html

Museums

• http://www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de/

• http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/museum_objects/mathematics.aspx?page=1

• http://en.hnf.de/default.asp

• http://www.arithmometre.org/Musees/PageMusees.html

• http://www.landesmuseum-stuttgart.de/

• http://www.ph-ludwigsburg.de/fileadmin/subsites/2e-imix-t-01/user_files/mmm/mmm_online/

• http://www.uni-greifswald.de/~wwwmathe/RTS/node2.html

• http://http://www.radiomuseum.org/museum/d/computer-museum-der-rwth-aachen/.html

• http://www.compustory.com/

• http://www.computermuseum.nl/collecti.html

• http://www.computerhistory.org

• http://interstices.info/jcms/c_15272/machines-a-calculer

Other Useful Sites

• http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/

• http://www.vintagecalculators.com/index.html

• http://www.crisvandevel.de/links.htm

• http://www.rechenwerkzeug.de/

• http://www.computissimo.ch/v-fran/calcul.htm

• http://www.earlyofficemuseum.com/calculating_machines.htm

• http://www.boelters.de/Rechenmaschinen/index.html

• http://retrocalculators.com/default.aspx

• http://www.rechenwerkzeug.de/default.htm

• http://www.rechenhilfsmittel.de/

• http://www.schneemann.de/index.htm

• http://www.w-hasselo.nl/mechn/index.php

• http://www.crisvandevel.de/

• http://calmeca.free.fr/calculmecanique_php/recherche_BDD/appel_resu_trouve_fichier.php?lang=eng

• http://www.hpmuseum.org/prehp.htm

• http://www.yesterdaysoffice.com/

• http://en.wikicollecting.org/calculators

• http://www.gbreda.it/mechcalc/link.php

• http://pactu.com/

• http://www.mwtca.org/tool-dealers.html

• http://public.beuth-hochschule.de/~hamann/

• http://www.mortati.com/glusker/elecmech/index.htm

Associations of Calculator Collectors, Collectors Lists, and Collector Mail Lists

• http://www.lsoft.com/scripts/wl.exe?SL1=CALCLIST-L&H=LISTSERV.TECHNION.AC.IL

• http://groups.google.com/group/oldcalculatorforum

• http://groups.yahoo.com/group/oldcalcs/

• http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/sliderule/messages

• http://calcollect.free.fr/

• http://ifhbev.de/index.php?id=5

• http://www.webring.org/hub?ring=calculator

• http://www.datavis.ca/milestones/index.php?group=1600s

• http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/collectors_mech.htm

Personal Collections

• http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/collectors_mech.htm

• http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/

• http://www.calculators.szrek.com/

• http://www.jmgoldman.com/

• http://www.nzeldes.com/HOC/HOC_Core.htm

• http://www.hpricecpa.com/typewriterinfo9.html#acam

• http://www.mechanicalculator.com/

• http://machineacalculer.free.fr/

• http://www.calculi.nl/

• http://www.gateman.com/museum/c3.html

• http://www.peterkernwein.de/

• http://www.oldbits.com/collection.htm

• http://www.thimet.de/CalcCollection/Contents.html

• http://users.skynet.be/Fredscalculators/main.htm

• http://www.prehistoriadelainformatica.com/

• http://www.tcocd.de/index.shtml

• http://www.ulisse.bs.it/museo/index.htm

• http://www.telmachines.nl

• http://www.vierkantvoorwiskunde.nl/sikkepit/Rekenapparaten.html#terugvankleine

• http://things-that-count.com

Online stores

Some useful stores of antique scientific instruments. (Calculant has no financial connection with any of these stores and cannot vouch for anything advertised. Caveat Emptor applies!)

• http://www.fleaglass.com/

• http://www.gemmary.com/

• http://ebay.com

• http://www.gilai.com/topcat_14/Scientific-Instruments

• http://www.etesseract.com/

• http://www.patented-antiques.com/Backpages/survey/Drafting.htm

• http://www.thebestthings.com/measurin.htm

• http://www.sis.org.uk/dealers

• http://www.asiuk.net/

• http://www.newbegin.com/html/scientific.html

• http://www.antiques-sci-tech.com/wcat26.html

• http://www.breker.com/LiveAuctions/

• http://www.bonhams.com/

Reference

• http://historydb.adlerplanetarium.org/signatures/

(:title Objects in "collection Calculant":)

(:if equal {Site.PrintBook$:PSW} "True":) The following objects form “collection Calculant”. They are described in context in the text.

	First Devices
	~1894–1595 BC: Old Babylonian tag with cuneiform numeric and alphabetic characters
	Abacus (Chinese, recent construction)
	1480–1520: French Jeton, Late Medieval
	1577: Calculi Ordinum Belgii, “Port Salu”
	‘1617’: “Napier’s bones” (recent construction)
	‘1623’: Schickard’s “Calculating Clock” - reconstruction from surviving manuscript
	‘~1652’: Blaise Pascal’s “Pascaline” - replica based on surviving examples
	Logarithmic Tables, and Ready Reckoners
	1626: Dennis Henrion: Traicté de logarithmes
	1783: Tables Portatives de Logarithmes, by Gardiner improved and perfected in their disposition by M. Callet
	1892: Ropp’s Commercial Calculator Book, World’s Fair Edition
	The first “computer manual”?
	1672: Morland (Samuel) A New, and most useful Instrument for Addition and Subtraction of Pounds, Shillings, Pence, and Farthings
	Sectors and Dividers
	1675–1715: Brass French Gunnery Sector by Michael Butterfield, Paris
	~1830: Oxbone Architect’s Sector by T. and H. Doublett, London
	~1740–1810: 2 Pairs of Dividers - made in England
	~1750–1800 Early print of drawings of Dividers and other Instruments by T. Jefferys
	~1880 Set of Proportional Dividers and other Mathematical Drawing Instruments by Henri Morin, Paris
	Conversion Devices
	1790–1810: Instrument for conversion from Aunes to Metres by Gabrielle CHAIX, Paris
	Gunter’s Proportional Rule
	1626: Design of a Logarithmic Proportional Rule (following Gunter 1624)
	1831–1843: Gunter rule for navigation by Belcher and Bros, New York, New York
	Slide Rules
	1727: Designs of 3 Logarithmic Rules 1626–1726 (as described by Jacob Leupold 1727)
	1759–69: Edward Roberts Everard Pattern Gauger’s Slide Rule
	1821–84: Joseph Long, London, Alcohol Proof Index Slide Rule
	1893–8: Tavernier-Gravet, Slide Rule, cursor inscribed as presented in 1898
	~1928: Keuffel & Esser 4088–3 serial 348119 Slide Rule
	~1948: Lawrence 10-G Cutting Speed Calculator
	1967–73: Faber Castell 2/83N Novo Duplex slide rule
	Cylindrical Slide Rules
	1911: Thacher’s Calculating Instrument, No. 4012 by Keuffel & Esser
	1926: Professor Fuller’s Fuller Cylindrical Slide Rule Model 2 No. 5706
	~1960: Otis King Rotary Slide Rule, Type L C, serial T6205, scales 429 and 430
	Circular Slide Rules
	1847: Palmer’s Computing Scale and Fuller’s Time Telegraph, issue 4
	~1881: Charpentier Calculimètre circular slide rule
	~1935: Supremathic Circular slide rule
	1948: Fowler Long Scale Jubilee Magnum extra long scale calculator Fowler’s “Jubilee Magnum” Circular Slide Rule
	1960s: KL-1 Russian Mechanical Circular Slide Rule and case

	Proportional Nomographic Calculators
	~1924: Bloch Schnellkalkulator
	~1947 Der Zeitermittler
	Stylus or Slider operated Adders
	1869 model Web Patent Adder and Talley Board serial B2040
	1890–1900: A. M. Stevenson Adder
	1905–1911: Locke Adder
	1910–1920s Comptator, 9 column
	~1910 Adall Concentric-disk Adding Machine
	~1915: Golden Gem Automatic Adding Machine, serial 73158
	1920: Addiator Troncet adder
	~1920: Addo mod 2 adder, serial 2797
	1922: Scribola 10 column printing Adding Machine
	1937: Add-O-Matic Adding Machine
	~1946: Lightning Portable Adding Machine
	1968: SEE Demonstration Adding Machine
	Rotating Knob Operated Adders
	Keyboard Adding Machines
	1884: Spalding Adding Machine, serial 494
	1891: The Centigraph Adding Machine, serial 1523
	1903: Adix Adding Machine. Original model
	Arithmometers
	1884: Thomas de Colmar Arithmometer Model T1878 B, serial 2083
	1909: Ludwig Spitz & Co., G.m.b.H., Berlin-Tempelhof TIM (Time is Money) Arithmometer
	~1913: Bunzel-Denton Arithmometer Prototype with crank moved to front
	1917: Madas IX Maxima calculator, serial 5532
	True Multiplying Calculators
	1904–1905: Bamberger’s Omega Calculating Machine
	1912: Millionaire Calculating Machine serial 2015 (10×10×20)
	Proportional Rack Calculators
	1923: Mercedes-Euklid Model 29 Demonstration calculator
	1923: Mercedes-Euklid Model 29 calculator
	Pinwheel Calculators
	~1896: Ohdner Brunsviga Schuster Calculator serial 3406
	1945: Facit Model S Calculator serial 210652
	~1951: Original Ohdner Model 39, Calculator serial 39–288965
	1957: Walther Demonstration WSR160 Pinwheel Calculator
	~1957: Walther WSR160 Pinwheel Calculator
	Comptometers
	Sept 1896: Felt and Tarrant Comptometer: Earliest - wood-cased “Woodie” model, serial 2491
	~ 1907: Comptometer oil bottle, marked with patent 23 April 1905; 6 April 1907
	~ 1955 Bell Punch Sumlock Demonstration Comptometer
	1950s: Bell Sumlock Comptometer Model 909/S/117.878 (made in Great Britain by Bell Punch Company Ltd)
	Curta Calculators
	~July 1948: CURTA Type 1 (pin sliders) earliest model calculator serial 5424
	1967: CURTA Type I calculator serial 76436, near mint, with original case, cardboard box and instructions
	1963: CURTA Type II calculator with Leather Case, serial 554765
	Motorised Calculating Machines
	~1929 “Herzstark” electric Calculating Machine serial 6549, badged by Herzstark, Vienna; essentially Badenia Model TE 13 Duplex
	1950s-1960s: MADAS Model 20BTG serial 94046 electric calculator with true automatic division
	Electronic Calculators
	July1972: Hewlett Packard HP 35 Calculator serial 1230A 79429, 1972 (second version)
	December 1973: Hewlett Packard HP 45 Calculator serial 1350A 36719, 1973
	Ephemerae
	1759: Algebre et Arithmetique - Machine de Arithmetique de Pascal”, Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert, Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, First folio edition, 1759, Volume 22, Plate 2. (Hand coloured).
	1797: Napier’s Rods in “Inland Navigation”, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 3rd Edition, 1797, plate CCCXLIV, Andrew Bell copperplate. Original print article.
	1855: “Messrs. Scheutz’s New Calculating Machine”, The Illustrated London News, 30 June 1855, p. 661. Original print article.
	1890: Leon Bollée Calculating Machine, “A New Calculating Machine of very General Applicability”, The Manufacturer and Builder, July 1890, p. 156. Original print article.
	1873–1928: Booklet on “How to Become a Lightning Calculator”, No. 2
	1901: “Rechenmachinen [“Calculating Machines” trs.] Bibliogr. Institut in Leipzig, Zum Art “Rechenmaschinen” (Bld. 21). Original wood engraved plate, pp. 1–2. showing engravings of calculating machines by Pascal, Leibniz, Steiger and Egli (Millionaire), Burroughs, Burkhard, Brunsviga, and J. H. Müller.
	1913: Advertisement by Hertztark Co. for “Austria” Calculating Machine
	1921: Felt and Tarrant Comptometer Manual
	1937: Advertisement for Monroe Calculators featuring Marching numbers
	1973: “HP Measurement/Computation:changing things for the better”, Scientific American, July 1973, pp. 6–7. Original print article. Two full page advertisement for the HP-35, HP-45 and HP-46 scientific calculators.
	1990: “A Calculator Chronicle: 300 Years of Counting and Reckoning Tools”, 1 January 1990.

(:ifend:)

(:if equal {Site.PrintBook$:PSW} "False":) The following objects form the collection of the author (for convenience referred to here as “collection Calculant”). They are used here as an aid to insight about the history of calculating technology.

For photos of these objects click the photo gallery. For their story in context click here.

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Schickard1.jpg First Devices

• ~1894 BC - ~1595 BC: Old Babylonian tag with cuneiform numeric and alphabetic characters
• Abacus (Chinese, recent construction)
• 1480-1520: French Jeton, Late Medieval
• 1577: Calculi Ordinum Belgii, “Port Salu”
• ‘1617’: “Napier’s bones” (recent construction)
• ‘1623’: Schickard’s “Calculating Clock” - reconstruction from surviving manuscript
• ‘~1652’: Blaise Pascal’s “Pascaline” - replica based on surviving examples

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Henrion.png Logarithmic Tables, and Ready Reckoners

• 1626: Dennis Henrion: Traicté de logarithmes
• 1783: Tables Portatives de Logarithmes, by Gardiner improved and perfected in their disposition by M. Callet
• 1892: Ropp’s Commercial Calculator Book, World’s Fair Edition

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Morland2.png The first “computer manual”?

• 1672: Morland (Samuel) A New, and most useful Instrument for Addition and Subtraction of Pounds, Shillings, Pence, and Farthings

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ButterfieldSector.png Sectors and Dividers

• 1675-1715: Brass French Gunnery Sector by Michael Butterfield, Paris
• ~1830: Oxbone Architect’s Sector by T. and H. Doublett, London
• ~1740-1810: 2 Pairs of Dividers - made in England
• ~1750-1800 Early print of drawings of Dividers and other Instruments by T. Jefferys
• ~1880 Set of Proportional Dividers and other Mathematical Drawing Instruments by Henri Morin, Paris

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Convertiseur.png Conversion Devices

• 1790-1810: Instrument for conversion from Aunes to Metres by Gabrielle CHAIX, Paris

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/GunterRule.jpg Gunter’s Proportional Rule

• 1626: Design of a Logarithmic Proportional Rule (following Gunter 1624)
• 1831-1843: Gunter rule for navigation by Belcher and Bros, New York, New York

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Everard.jpg Slide Rules

• 1727: Designs of 3 Logarithmic Rules 1626-1726 (as described by Jacob Leupold 1727)
• 1759-69: Edward Roberts Everard Pattern Gauger’s Slide Rule
• 1821-84: Joseph Long, London, Alcohol Proof Index Slide Rule
• 1893-8: Tavernier-Gravet, Slide Rule, cursor inscribed as presented in 1898
• ~1928: Keuffel & Esser 4088-3 serial 348119 Slide Rule
• ~1948: Lawrence 10-G Cutting Speed Calculator
• 1967-73: Faber Castell 2/83N Novo Duplex slide rule

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Thacher.jpg Cylindrical Slide Rules

• 1911: Thacher’s Calculating Instrument, No. 4012 by Keuffel & Esser
• 1926: Professor Fuller’s Fuller Cylindrical Slide Rule Model 2 No. 5706
• ~1960: Otis King Rotary Slide Rule, Type L C, serial T6205, scales 429 and 430

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Charpentier.jpg Circular Slide Rules

• 1847: Palmer’s Computing Scale and Fuller’s Time Telegraph, issue 4
• ~1881: Charpentier Calculimètre circular slide rule
• ~1935: Supremathic Circular slide rule
• 1948: Fowler Long Scale Jubilee Magnum extra long scale calculator Fowler’s “Jubilee Magnum” Circular Slide Rule
• 1960s: KL-1 Russian Mechanical Circular Slide Rule and case

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Bloch1.jpg Proportional Nomographic Calculators

• ~1924: Bloch Schnellkalkulator
• ~1947 Der Zeitermittler

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Webb.jpg Stylus or Slider operated Adders

• 1869 model Web Patent Adder and Talley Board serial B2040
• 1890-1900: A. M. Stevenson Adder
• 1905-1911: Locke Adder
• 1910-1920s Comptator, 9 column
• ~1910 Adall Concentric-disk Adding Machine
• ~1915: Golden Gem Automatic Adding Machine, serial 73158
• 1920: Addiator Troncet adder
• ~1920: Addo mod 2 adder, serial 2797
• 1922: Scribola 10 column printing Adding Machine
• 1937: Add-O-Matic Adding Machine
• ~1946: Lightning Portable Adding Machine
• 1968: SEE Demonstration Adding Machine

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Conto.jpg Rotating knob operated Adders

• 1922: Conto Model C, serial 2175 Adding Machine

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/SpaldingW800.jpg Keyboard Adding Machines

• 1884: Spalding Adding Machine, serial 494
• 1891: The Centigraph Adding Machine, serial 1523
• 1903: Adix Adding Machine. Original model

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ThomasDeColmar.jpg Arithmometers

• 1884: Thomas de Colmar Arithmometer Model T1878 B, serial 2083
• 1909: Ludwig Spitz & Co., G.m.b.H., Berlin-Tempelhof TIM (Time is Money) Arithmometer
• ~1913: Bunzel-Denton Arithmometer Prototype with crank moved to front
• 1917: Madas IX Maxima calculator, serial 5532

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/BambergerOmega.png True Multiplying Calculators

• 1904-1905: Bamberger’s Omega Calculating Machine
• 1912: Millionaire Calculating Machine serial 2015 (10x10x20)

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/MercedesDemo.png Proportional Rack Calculators

• 1923: Mercedes-Euklid Model 29 Demonstration calculator
• 1923: Mercedes-Euklid Model 29 calculator

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Brunsviga1896.png Pinwheel Calculators

• ~1896: Ohdner Brunsviga Schuster Calculator serial 3406
• 1945: Facit Model S Calculator serial 210652
• ~1951: Original Ohdner Model 39, Calculator serial 39-288965
• 1957: Walther Demonstration WSR160 Pinwheel Calculator
• ~1957: Walther WSR160 Pinwheel Calculator

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ComptometerWoodie.png Comptometers

• Sept 1896: Felt and Tarrant Comptometer: Earliest - wood-cased “Woodie” model, serial 2491
• ~ 1907: Comptometer oil bottle, marked with patent 23 April 1905; 6 April 1907
• ~ 1955 Bell Punch Sumlock Demonstration Comptometer
• 1950s: Bell Sumlock Comptometer Model 909/S/117.878 (made in Great Britain by Bell Punch Company Ltd)

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Curta1-1948.png Curta Calculators

• ~July 1948: CURTA Type 1 (pin sliders) earliest model calculator serial 5424
• 1967: CURTA Type I calculator serial 76436, near mint, with original case, cardboard box and instructions
• 1963: CURTA Type II calculator with Leather Case, serial 554765

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/HerzstarkArithmometer.png Motorised Calculating Machines

• ~1929 “Herzstark” electric Calculating Machine serial 6549, badged by Herzstark, Vienna; essentially Badenia Model TE 13 Duplex
• 1950s-1960s: MADAS Model 20BTG serial 94046 electric calculator with true automatic division

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/HP35.jpg Electronic Calculators

• July1972: Hewlett Packard HP 35 Calculator serial 1230A 79429, 1972 (second version)
• December 1973: Hewlett Packard HP 45 Calculator serial 1350A 36719, 1973

______

http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/BolleeClip.jpg Ephemerae

• 1759: Algebre et Arithmetique - Machine de Arithmetique de Pascal”, Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert, Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, First folio edition, 1759, Volume 22, Plate 2. (Hand coloured).
• 1797: Napier’s Rods in “Inland Navigation”, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 3rd Edition, 1797, plate CCCXLIV, Andrew Bell copperplate. Original print article.
• 1855: “Messrs. Scheutz’s New Calculating Machine”, The Illustrated London News, 30 June 1855, p. 661. Original print article.
• 1890: Leon Bollée Calculating Machine, “A New Calculating Machine of very General Applicability”, The Manufacturer and Builder, July 1890, p. 156. Original print article.
• 1895: Booklet on “How to Become a Lightning Calculator”, No. 2
• 1901: “Rechenmachinen [“Calculating Machines” trs.] Bibliogr. Institut in Leipzig, Zum Art “Rechenmaschinen” (Bld. 21). Original wood engraved plate, pp. 1-2. showing engravings of calculating machines by Pascal, Leibniz, Steiger and Egli (Millionaire), Burroughs, Burkhard, Brunsviga, and J. H. Müller.
• 1913: Advertisement by Hertztark Co. for “Austria” Calculating Machine
• 1921: Felt and Tarrant Comptometer Manual
• 1937: Advertisement for Monroe Calculators featuring Marching numbers
• 1973: “HP Measurement/Computation:changing things for the better”, Scientific American, July 1973, pp. 6-7. Original print article. Two full page advertisement for the HP-35, HP-45 and HP-46 scientific calculators.
• 1990: “A Calculator Chronicle: 300 Years of Counting and Reckoning Tools”, from the exhibition at the IBM Gallery of Science and Art, Madison Avenue, 56th Street, New York City”, 1 January 1990

(:ifend:)

Its happy with more links in a table.

• ||http://unimelb.edu.au||

• http://unimelb.edu.au

• test
• A tale of two men - Cassirer and Cohen 1530-1800
• Cassirer family and the holocaust, the
• http://meta-studies.net/genealogy/ZDocs/Stories/stories.html test

• http://meta-studies.net/genealogy/ZDocs/Stories/stories.html test

• http://meta-studies.net/genealogy/ZDocs/Stories/stories.html|test]]

• test

• A tale of two men - Cassirer and Cohen 1530-1800
• Cassirer family and the holocaust, the

• A tale of two men - Cassirer and Cohen 1530-1800, the Cassirer family and the holocaust, the

• [[http://meta-studies.net/genealogy/ZDocs/Stories/stories01.html|A tale of two men - Cassirer and Cohen 1530-1800, the Cassirer family and the holocaust, the