Since only nine of the [[Site.SurvivingPascalines|original Pascalines]] are known to have survived there has been some incentive to build replicas, of which a small number now exist.  As discussed below, "replica" is an all-encompassing term, but different "replicas" may have been produced with rather different objectives in mind and with attention to replication of different aspects, from seeking to replicate every feature to create a "clone" of a surviving machine, to replicating only the essential principles of the machine as are available from historical descriptions (which elsewhere I sometimes refer to as "Exemplars").  In the list below I include "exemplars" under the broader "replica" title.

Some replicas, such as those by Roberto Guatelli, are designed to give the appearance, as close as possible of surviving Pascalines.

***Replica auctioned by Philip Weiss in New York in 2009**\\
This replica was auctioned with a catalogue description which left open the possibility that it might be a discovered original Pascaline.[^"Great example of a Pascaline Mechanical Calculator. Made for adding currency...  As of the typing of this catalog, research is still being done in order to more accurately date this instrument."^]  It achieved a sale price of $US22,420 (including buyer's premium).[^[[http://www.icollector.com/Pascaline-Calculator-in-Rosewood-Case_i8478428]], viewed 13 Feb 2012^]  Inspection of its internal mechanism belies the possibility it was an original.  It has the look of the other known replica by Guatelli but its provenance remains to be conclusively established.

!!! 5. Jan Meyer's Working Exemplars and Replicas.

The replica Pascaline is shown below.

%center% %width=800px%  http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/PAD_1.jpg

The replica closely follows the internal and external design of the surviving [[http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/PA_Dresden.jpg|"Queen of Poland Pascaline"]].

The original surviving Pascaline, on display at the [[http://www.skd.museum/en/museums-institutions/zwinger-with-semperbau/mathematisch-physikalischer-salon/|Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon]] in Dresden, is shown below.

%center% %width=850px%  http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/PA_Dresden.jpg

This time Jan Meyer, as opposed to his earlier working Pascaline exemplar, was able to actually get detail of the actual machine at Dresden. As he wrote at the time "The Pascaline has now, after the experience with the construction of the first, a completely different impression to me. I know every part, since I have had it in my hands hundreds of times.  So I can at first attempt recognize the differences to my replica. In summary, one can say that everything is more fine and delicate than on my replica. For example, the engravings. I have made many close-ups, so I can do a much better job this time."

The replica is shown below (left) with the original for comparison (right).  Note that the Pascaline in Dresden has been inexpertly repaired at the position for Solz with an input star with 10 spokes instead of 20 as would be required. Following confirmation by the museum of this mistake Myer used a star with 20 spokes.  At least in this sense, this replica may be more accurate than the surviving machine!

This is a working replica of the "Queen of Poland" Pascaline (the original of which is now held in Dresden). It was created by Meyer in 2017 utilising all the experience he had gained in constructing his  [[Site.DresdenPascaline1652|working exemplar]] some six years earlier.

More on the Meyer replica in this collection can be seen [[Site.DresdenPascaline1652|here]].

>Meyer created four of these machines in 2011  fashioned from brass throughout (with the exception of in character small steel locking pins) and a mahogany base, complete with a stylus turned from very dense  grenadilla wood.  The maker applied techniques of the time (such as riveting, pressing, and wedging) with all brass parts burnished to achieve an age-appropriate surface. The attention to detail, including decoration of internal parts, is of a quality consistent with the artisanship applied to the original Pascalines, many of which were destined for the cabinets of the nobility.  Whilst not modelled on any particular machine, Meyer's design is similar to, and shows features from both the Queen of Sweden scientific Pascaline, whilst in its beautifully finished elegant simplicity also emulates the look, to an extent of the Tardive six wheel accounting Pascaline. More on the Meyer replica in this collection can be seen [[Site.Pascaline1652|here]].

Meyer created four of these machines in 2011  fashioned from brass throughout (with the exception of in character small steel locking pins) and a mahogany base, complete with a stylus turned from very dense  grenadilla wood.  The maker applied techniques of the time (such as riveting, pressing, and wedging) with all brass parts burnished to achieve an age-appropriate surface. The attention to detail, including decoration of internal parts, is of a quality consistent with the artisanship applied to the original Pascalines, many of which were destined for the cabinets of the nobility.  Whilst not modelled on any particular machine, Meyer's design is similar to, and shows features from both the Queen of Sweden scientific Pascaline, whilst in its beautifully finished elegant simplicity also emulates the look, to an extent of the Tardive six wheel accounting Pascaline. More on the Meyer replica in this collection can be seen [[Site.Pascaline1652|here]].

(:cell:)%newwin%Mini:PAD_.jpg

(:Document: N :)
Since only nine of the [[Site.SurvivingPascalines|original Pascalines]] are known to have survived there has been some incentive to build replicas, of which a small number now exist.  As discussed below, "replica" is an all-encompassing term, but different "replicas" may have been produced with rather different objectives in mind and with attention to replication of different aspects, from seeking to replicate every feature to create a "clone" of a surviving machine, to replicating only the essential principles of the machine as are available from historical descriptions.

!!! 1. Replicas by Roberto Guatelli.

***Canada Science and Technology Museum replica by M. Guatelli**\\

!!! 5. Replicas by Jan Meyer, 2011.
Not all "replicas" of the Pascaline are intended to replicate a particular surviving Pascaline in every detail. The objective of Jan Meyer in his 'recreation' of the Pascaline is to demonstrate that if the known intentions of Pascal, as revealed in early diagrams of the mechanism, and as expressed in the surviving machines, is recreated with the aid of modern tools, then the resulting machine will carry out the functions designed by Pascal with perfect reliability.

***Calculant Replica by Jan Meyer**\\
Meyer has created four of these machines  fashioned from brass throughout (with the exception of in character small steel locking pins) and a mahogany base, complete with a stylus turned from very dense  grenadilla wood.  The maker applied techniques of the time (such as riveting, pressing, and wedging) with all brass parts burnished to achieve an age-appropriate surface. The attention to detail, including decoration of internal parts, is of a quality consistent with the artisanship applied to the original Pascalines, many of which were destined for the cabinets of the nobility.  Whilst not modelled on any particular machine, Meyer's design is similar to, and shows features from both the Queen of Sweden scientific Pascaline, whilst in its beautifully finished elegant simplicity also emulates the look, to an extent of the Tardive six wheel accounting Pascaline. More on the Meyer replica in this collection can be seen [[Site.Pascaline1652|here]].

Meyer has created four of these machines  fashioned from brass throughout (with the exception of in character small steel locking pins) and a mahogany base, complete with a stylus turned from very dense  grenadilla wood.  The maker applied techniques of the time (such as riveting, pressing, and wedging) with all brass parts burnished to achieve an age-appropriate surface. The attention to detail, including decoration of internal parts, is of a quality consistent with the artisanship applied to the original Pascalines, many of which were destined for the cabinets of the nobility.  Whilst not modelled on any particular machine, Meyer's design is similar to, and shows features from both the Queen of Sweden, and Tardive six wheel scientific Pascalines. More on the Meyer replica in this collection can be seen [[Site.Pascaline1652|here]].

 | For more on the [[Site.PascalineMechanism|Pascaline mechanism]] >>.

For more on the [[Site.PascalineMechanism|Pascaline mechanism]].

This eight wheel surveying machine seems closest to the originals in the IBM and Léon Parcé collections.  Roberto Guatelli, was a well known maker of historical replicas of mathematical instruments, recreating his vision of a machine in a Leonardo da Vinci manuscript (probably not a calculator), as well as a Babbage replica.  He constructed several several replicas of Pascalines including the one below, and similar machines now in the  Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia "Leonardo da Vinci" in Milano (1940-60),[^[[http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/scienza-tecnologia/schede/ST120-00192/]], viewed 20 June 2013]]^] as well as contributing to the construction of a replica for  IBM (1960s).[^[[http://www.ami19.org/Repliques/Pascaline-Page.html#_jmp0_]], viewed 26 May 2013^]

!!! 1. Replicas by M. Roberto Guatelli.
Some replicas, such as those by M. Guatelli, are designed to give the appearance, as close as possible of surviving Pascalines.

This eight wheel surveying machine seems closest to the originals in the IBM and Léon Parcé collections.  M. Guatelli, was a well known maker of historical replicas of mathematical instruments, recreating his vision of a machine in a Leonardo da Vinci manuscript (probably not a calculator), as well as a Babbage replica.  He constructed several several replicas of Pascalines including the one below, and similar machines now in the  Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia "Leonardo da Vinci" in Milano (1940-60),[^[[http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/scienza-tecnologia/schede/ST120-00192/]], viewed 20 June 2013]]^] as well as contributing to the construction of a replica for  IBM (1960s).[^[[http://www.ami19.org/Repliques/Pascaline-Page.html#_jmp0_]], viewed 26 May 2013^]

***Science Museum, London replica of the Queen of Sweden Pascaline by Ernest Rognon, 1926**\\

This replica was auctioned with a catalogue description which left open the possibility that it might be a discovered original Pascaline.[^"Great example of a Pascaline Mechanical Calculator. Made for adding currency...  As of the typing of this catalog, research is still being done in order to more accurately date this instrument."]  It achieved a sale price of $US22,420 (including buyer's premium).[^[[http://www.icollector.com/Pascaline-Calculator-in-Rosewood-Case_i8478428]], viewed 13 Feb 2012^]  Inspection of its internal mechanism belies the possibility it was an original.  It has the look of the other known replica by Guatelli but its provenance remains to be conclusively established.

This replica was auctioned with a catalogue description which left open the possibility that it might be a discovered original Pascaline.  It achieved a sale price of $US19,000.  Inspection of its internal mechanism belies the possibility it was an original.  It has the look of the other known replica by Guatelli but its provenance remains to be conclusively established.

Since only nine of the [[Site.SurvivingPascalines|original Pascalines]] are known to have survived there has been some incentive to build replicas, of which a small number now exist.  As discussed below, "replica" is an all-encompassing term, but different "replicas" may have been produced with rather different objectives in mind and with attention to replication of different aspects, from the totality to create a "clone" of a surviving machine, to replicating only the essential principles of the machine.

Since only eight of the [[Site.SurvivingPascalines|original Pascalines]] are known to have survived there has been some incentive to build replicas, of which a small number now exist.  As discussed below, "replica" is an all-encompassing term, but different "replicas" may have been produced with rather different objectives in mind and with attention to replication of different aspects, from the totality to create a "clone" of a surviving machine, to replicating only the essential principles of the machine.

Pierre Charrier lives outside Clermont-Ferrand, the place where Blaise Pascal developed his Pascaline.[^See for example, the description and resources provided by Yves Serra in his excellent web page [[http://www.yvesserra.fr/pascaline.php]], viewed 26 May 2013^]  The local Musée Henri Lecoq has two original surviving Pascalines in its collection.  Charrier has produced a limited number of Pascaline replicas which seem to be based in part on the 5 wheel accounting Pacaline, the Machine du Chevalier Durant-Pascal, but allowing some simplifications and changes.

Pierre Charrier lives outside Clermont-Ferrand, the place where Blaise Pascal developed his Pascaline.[^See for example, the description and resources provided by Yves Serra in his excellent web page [[http://www.yvesserra.fr/pascaline.php]], viewed 26 May 2013^]  The local Musee Henri Lecoq has two original surviving Pascalines in its collection.  Charrier has produced a limited number of Pascaline replicas which seem to be based in part on the 5 wheel accounting Pacaline, the Machine du Chevalier Durant-Pascal, but allowing some simplifications and changes.

[^#^]

An almost identical replica to the IBM replica shown at Bargoin was auctioned by Auction Team Breker in May 2013.  Originally presented as a surviving original Pascaline, Valéry Monnier raised serious questions over its authenticity, and later Breker itself commissioned an appraisal including spectral analysis which demonstrated the brass to be C20, screws to be of modern pitch, which amongst other matters raised by Monnier not only demonstrated it to be a replica, but most likely another of the replicas created by the craftspeople who built the other two replicas for IBM.[^[http://www.ami19.org/Pascaline/IndexPascaline-English.html] and [[catalogue amendment by Auction Team Breker]], May 2013.^]  Note that as lantern gear teeth are missing this replica would not be particularly functional.  With an estimated value of  €25,000 - €40,000 it sold at auction for €31,971 - approximately $US 42,000 - (including buyer's premium).

Charrier's replicas are scientific machines (with no special provision for the currency denominations) and also lack the small intermegiate work dials of the original.  There is also some additional decoration, more along the lines of the Queen of Sweden machine. Internally the mechanism, rather than seeking to replicate the finely hand-worked brass internals of the originals, relies more on standard hardware resulting in a robust set of modern more easily machine reproduced steel components which by all accounts work well.  The calculators have been built with considerable dedication and are celebrated by the Clermont-Ferrand community.

This machine is a close copy (externally at least) of the Queen of Sweden machine. Nevertheless, as Valéry Monnier, in Paris, points out: "There is however one element that keeps them apart; this is the typographic characters engraved on the ruler, they are totally different on the CNAM machine where the writing is thinner and less well centered.  By contrast, on the IBM replica, the characters are thicker and, most of all, perfectly centered. "[^[[http://www.ami19.org/Pascaline/IndexPascaline-English.html]], op. cit..  The pictures of this machine are from an account by Mourlevat exhibited also on this webste.^]

This eight wheel surveying machine seems closest to the originals in the IBM and Léon Parcé collections.  M. Guatelli, was a well known maker of historical replicas of mathematical instruments, recreating his vision of a machine in a Leonardo da Vinci manuscript (probably not a calculator), as well as a Babbage replica.  He constructed several several replicas of Pascalines including the one below, and similar machines now in the  Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia "Leonardo da Vinci" in Milano (1940-60),[^[[http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/scienza-tecnologia/schede/ST120-00192/]], viewed 20 June 2013]]^] as well as a replica for  IBM (1960s).[^[[http://www.ami19.org/Repliques/Pascaline-Page.html#_jmp0_]], viewed 26 May 2013^]

Since only eight of the [[Site.SurvivingPascalines|original Pascalines]] are known to have survived there has been some incentive to build replicas, of which a small number now exist.  As discussed below, "replica" is an all-encompassing term, but different "replicas" may have been produced with rather different objectives in mind.

[^#^]

Meyer has created four of these machines  fashioned from brass throughout (with the exception of in character small steel locking pins) and a mahogany base, complete with a stylus turned from very dense  wood.  The maker applied techniques of the time (such as riveting, pressing, and wedging) with all brass parts burnished to achieve an age-appropriate surface. The attention to detail, including decoration of internal parts, is of a quality consistent with the artisanship applied to the original Pascalines, many of which were destined for the cabinets of the nobility.  Whilst not modelled on any particular machine, Meyer's design is similar to, and shows features from both the Queen of Sweden, and Tardive six wheel scientific Pascalines.

An almost identical replica to the IBM replica shown at Bargoin was auctioned by Auction Team Breker in May 2013.  Originally presented as a surviving original Pascaline, Valéry Monnier raised serious questions over its authenticity, and later Breker itself commissioned an appraisal including spectral analysis which demonstrated the brass to be C20, screws to be of modern pitch, which amongst other matters raised by Monnier not only demonstrated it to be a replica, but most likely another of the replicas created by the craftspeople who built the other two replicas for IBM.[^[http://www.ami19.org/Pascaline/IndexPascaline-English.html] and [[catalogue amendment by Auction Team Breker]], May 2013.^]  Note that as lantern gear teeth are missing this replica would not be particularly functional.  With an estimated value of  €25,000 - €40,000 it sold at auction for €31,971.

An almost identical replica to the IBM replica shown at Bargoin was auctioned by Auction Team Breker in May 2013.  Originally presented as a surviving original Pascaline, Valéry Monnier raised serious questions over its authenticity, and later Breker itself commissioned an appraisal including spectral analysis which demonstrated the brass to be C20, screws to be of modern pitch, which amongst other matters raised by Monnier not only demonstrated it to be a replica, but most likely another of the replicas created by the craftspeople who built the other two replicas for IBM.[^[http://www.ami19.org/Pascaline/IndexPascaline-English.html] and catalogue amendment by Auction Team Breker, May 2013.^]

The following photo of the inner workings of the well-preserved  Louis Pascal Pascaline can be used for comparison of the internal mechanisms of the replicas. (Note that this view is from the underside of the machine whilst photos below are frequently taken from above after removal of the casing.)

The following photo of the inner workings of the well-preserved  Louis Pascal Pascaline can be used for comparison of the internal mechanisms of the replicas.

Meyer has created this machine out of brass throughout (with the exception of small steel pins) and a mahogany base, with a stylus turned from very dense  wood.  The maker applied techniques of the time (such as riveting, pressing, and wedging) with all brass parts burnished to achieve an age-appropriate surface. The attention to detail, including decoration of internal parts, is of a quality consistent with the artisanship applied to the original Pascalines, many of which were destined for the cabinets of the nobility.  Whilst not modelled on any particular machine, Meyer's design is similar to, and shows features from both the Queen of Sweden, and Tardive six wheel scientific Pascalines.

Pierre Charrier lives outside Clermont-Ferrand, the place where Blaise Pascal developed his Pascaline.[^See for example, the description and resources provided by Yves Serra in his excellent web page [[http://www.yvesserra.fr/pascaline.php]], viewed 26 May 2013^]  The local Musee Henri Lecoq has two original surviving Pascalines in its collection.  Charrier has produced a number of Pascaline replicas which seem to be based in part on the 5 wheel accounting Pacaline, the Machine du Chevalier Durant-Pascal, but allowing some simplifications and changes. Thus his machine is a scientific machine (with no special provision for the currency denominations) and also lacks the small intermegiate work dials of the original.  There is also some additional decoration, more along the lines of the Queen of Sweden machine. Internally the mechanism, rather than seeking to replicate the finely hand-worked brass internals of the originals, relies more on standard hardware resulting in a robust set of modern more easily machine reproduced steel components which by all accounts work well.  The calculators have been built with considerable dedication and are celebrated by the Clermont-Ferrand community.

***IBM Replica shown at the Bargoin museum in 1981.**

***IBM Replica auctioned by Breker in Germany in 2013**\\
An almost identical replica to the one shown at Bargoin was auctioned by Auction Team Breker in May 2013.  Originally presented as a surviving original Pascaline, Valéry Monnier raised serious questions over its authenticity, and later Breker itself commissioned an appraisal including spectral analysis which demonstrated the brass to be C20, screws to be of modern pitch, which amongst other matters raised by Monnier not only demonstrated it to be a replica, but most likely another of the replicas created by the craftspeople who built the other two replicas for IBM.[^[http://www.ami19.org/Pascaline/IndexPascaline-English.html] and catalogue amendment by Auction Team Breker, May 2013.^]

This machine is a close copy (externally at least) of the Queen of Sweden machine. Nevertheless, as Valéry Monnier, in Paris, points out: "There is however one element that keeps them apart; this is the typographic characters engraved on the ruler, they are totally different on the CNAM machine where the writing is thinner and less well centered.  By contrast, on the IBM replica, the characters are thicker and, most of all, perfectly centered. "[^[[http://www.ami19.org/Pascaline/IndexPascaline-English.html]], viewed 21 June 2013.  The pictures of this machine are from an account by Mourlevat exhibited also on this webste.^]

This machine is a close copy (externally at least) of the Queen of Sweden machine. Nevertheless, as Valéry Monnier, in Paris, points out: "There is however one element that keeps them apart; this is the typographic characters engraved on the ruler, they are totally different on the CNAM machine where the writing is thinner and less well centered.  By contrast, on the IBM replica, the characters are thicker and, most of all, perfectly centered. "

!!! 2. Replica by Ernest Rognon.
A replica of the Queen of Sweeden Pascaline was constructed by clock maker and CNAM employee, Ernest Rognon, in 1926.  One again this replicates the external detail of that machine with considerable fidelity, although the finish of the replica, now in the Science Museum, London, is rather different to the original machine which has been cleaned to a high polish and is now displayed in CNAM.


***Science Museum, London replica of the Queen of Sweden Pascaline by Ernest Rognon, 1926**\\

(:cell:)%newwin%Mini:PAR_Guatelli_LondonSM.jpg
(:cell:)%newwin%

***IBM Replica auctioned by Breker in Germany in 2013**\\
An almost identical replica was auctioned by Auction Team Breker in May 2013.  Originally presented as a surviving original Pascaline, Valéry Monnier in Paris raised serious questions over its authenticity, and later Breker itself commissioned an appraisal including spectral analysis which demonstrated the brass to be C20, screws to be of modern pitch, which amongst other matters raised by Monnier not only demonstrated it to be a replica, but most likely another of the replicas created by the craftspeople who built the other two replicas for IBM.[^[http://www.ami19.org/Pascaline/IndexPascaline-English.html] and catalogue amendment by Auction Team Breker, May 2013.^]

(:cell:)%newwin%Mini:PAR_IBM2_Breker.jpeg
(:cell:)%newwin%Mini:PAR_IBM2_Breker2.jpg

!!! 4. Replicas by Jan Meyer, 2011.
Not all "replicas" of the Pascaline are intended to replicate a particular surviving Pascaline in every detail. The objective of Jan Meyer in his 'recreation' of the Pascaline is to demonstrate that if the known intentions of Pascal, as revealed in early diagrams of the mechanism, and as expressed in the surviving machines, is recreated with the aid of modern tools, then the resulting machine will carry out the functions designed by Pascal with perfect reliability.

***Calculant Replica by Jan Meyer**\\
Meyer has created this machine out of brass throughout (with the exception of small steel pins) and a mahogany base, with a stylus turned from very dense  wood.  The maker applied techniques of the time (such as riveting, pressing, and wedging) with all brass parts burnished to achieve an age-appropriate surface. The attention to detail, including decoration of internal parts, is of a quality consistent with the artisanship applied to the original Pascalines, many of which were destined for the cabinets of the nobility.  Whilst not modelled on any particular machine, Meyer's design is similar to, and shows features from both the Queen of Sweden, and Tardive six wheel scientific Pascalines.

(:cell:)%newwin%Mini:PAR_Meyer.jpg
(:cell:)%newwin%Mini:PAR_Meyer2.jpg

!!! 5. Replicas by Pierre Charrier, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Pierre Charrier lives outside Clermont-Ferrand, the place where Blaise Pascal developed his Pascaline.[^See for example, the description and resources provided by Yves Serra in his excellent web page [[http://www.yvesserra.fr/pascaline.php]], viewed 26 May 2013^]  The local Musee Henri Lecoq has two original surviving Pascalines in its collection.  Charrier has produced a number of Pascaline replicas which seem to be based in part on the 5 wheel accounting Pacaline, the Machine du Chevalier Durant-Pascal, but allowing some simplifications and changes. Thus his machine is a scientific machine (with no special provision for the currency denominations) and also lacks the small intermegiate work dials of the original.  There is also some additional decoration, more along the lines of the Queen of Sweden machine. Internally the mechanism, rather than seeking to replicate the finely hand-worked brass internals of the originals, relies more on standard hardware resulting in a robust set of modern more easily machine reproduced steel components which by all accounts work well.  The calculators have been built with considerable dedication and are celebrated by the Clermont-Ferrand community.

(:cell:)%newwin%Mini:PAR_Charrier.jpg
(:cell:)%newwin%Mini:PAR_Charrier2.jpg

!!! 6. Mechanism Demonstration Replica, CNAM, Paris, France
A final very legitimate reasons for building replicas is to  make explicit the innovations in the Pascaline mechanism. This replica is made with a perspex case to demonstrate, in particular, the sophisticated carry mechanism which Blaise Pascal devised.

Pierre Charrier lives outside Clermont-Ferrand, the place where Blaise Pascal developed his Pascaline.[^See for example, the description and resources provided by Yves Serra in his excellent web page [[http://www.yvesserra.fr/pascaline.php]], viewed 26 May 2013^]  The local Musee Henri Lecoq has two original surviving Pascalines in its collection.  Charrier has produced a number of Pascaline replicas which seem to be based in part on the 5 wheel accounting Pacaline, the Machine du Chevalier Durant-Pascal, but allowing some simplifications and changes. Thus his machine is a scientific machine (with no special provision for the currency denominations) and also lacks the complement wheels of the original.  There is also some additional decoration, more along the lines of the Queen of Sweden machine. Internally the mechanism, rather than seeking to replicate the finely hand-worked brass internals of the originals, relies more on standard hardware resulting in a robust set of modern more easily machine reproduced steel components which by all accounts work well.  The calculators have been built with considerable dedication and are celebrated by the Clermont-Ferrand community.

Pierre Charrier lives outside Clermont-Ferrand, the place where Blaise Pascal developed his Pascaline.[^See for example, the description and resources provided by Yves Serra in his excellent web page [[http://www.yvesserra.fr/pascaline.php]], viewed 26 May 2013^]  The local Musee Henri Lecoq has two original surviving Pascalines in its collection.  Charrier has produced a number of Pascaline replicas which seem to be based in part on the 5 wheel accounting Pacaline, the Machine du Chevalier Durant-Pascal, but allowing some simplifications and changes. Thus his machine is a scientific machine (with no special provision for the currency denominations) and also lacks the complement wheels of the original.  There is also some additional decoration, more along the lines of the Queen of Sweden machine. Internally the mechanism, rather than seeking to replicate the finely hand-worked brass internals of the originals, relies more on standard hardware resulting in a robust set of modern more easily machine reproduced steel components which by all accounts work well.  The machines have been built with considerable dedication and are celebrated by the Clermont-Ferrand community.

Pierre Charrier lives outside Clermont-Ferrand, the place where Blaise Pascal developed his Pascaline.[^See for example, the description and resources provided by Yves Serra in his excellent web page [[http://www.yvesserra.fr/pascaline.php]], viewed 26 May 2013^]  The local Musee Henri Lecoq has two original surviving Pascalines in its collection.  Charrier has produced a number of Pascaline replicas which seem to be based in part on the 5 wheel accounting Pacaline, the Machine du Chevalier Durant-Pascal, but allowing some simplifications and changes. Thus his machine is a scientific machine (with no special provision for the currency denominations) and also lacks the complement wheels of the original.  There is also some additional decoration, more along the lines of the Queen of Sweden machine. Internally the mechanism, rather than seeking to replicate the finely hand-worked brass internals of the originals, relies more on standard hardware resulting in a robust set of modern more easily reproduced steel components which by all accounts work well.  The machines have been built with considerable dedication and are celebrated by the Clermont-Ferrand community.

Pierre Charrier lives outside Clermont-Ferrand, the place where Blaise Pascal developed his Pascaline.[^See for example, the description and resources provided by Yves Serra in his excellent web page [[http://www.yvesserra.fr/pascaline.php]], viewed 26 May 2013^]  The local Musee Henri Lecoq has two original surviving Pascalines in its collection.  Charrier has produced a number of Pascaline replicas which seem to be based in part on the 5 wheel accounting Pacaline, the Machine du Chevalier Durant-Pascal, but allowing some simplifications and changes. Thus his machine is a scientific machine (with no special provision for the currency denominations) and also lacks the complement wheels of the original.  There is also some additional decoration, more along the lines of the Queen of Sweden machine. Internally the mechanism makes no attempt to replicate the brass internals of the originals but rather is comprised of a robust set of simplified modern steel components which by all accounts work well.  The machines have been built with considerable dedication and are celebrated by the Clermont-Ferrand community.

Pierre Charrier lives outside Clermont-Ferrand, the place where Blaise Pascal developed his Pascaline.  The local Musee Henri Lecoq has two original surviving Pascalines in its collection.  Charrier has produced a number of Pascaline replicas which seem to be based in part on the 5 wheel accounting Pacaline, the Machine du Chevalier Durant-Pascal, but allowing some simplifications and changes. Thus his machine is a scientific machine (with no special provision for the currency denominations) and also lacks the complement wheels of the original.  There is also some additional decoration, more along the lines of the Queen of Sweden machine. Internally the mechanism makes no attempt to replicate the brass internals of the originals but rather is comprised of a robust set of simplified modern steel components which by all accounts work well.  The machines have been built with considerable dedication and are celebrated by the Clermont-Ferrand community.

A replica of the Queen of Sweeden Pascaline was constructed by clock maker and CNAM employee, Ernest Rognon, in 1926.  One again this replicate the external detail of that machine with considerable fidelity, although the finish is rather different to the machine as it now appears in CNAM.

Pierre Charrier lives outside Clermont-Ferrand, the place where Blaise Pascal developed his Pascaline.  The local Musee Henri Lecoq has two original surviving Pascalines in its collection.  Charrier has produced a number of Pascaline replicas which seem to be based in part on the 5 wheel accounting Pacaline, the Machine du Chevalier Durant-Pascal, but allowing some simplifications and changes. Thus his machine is a scientific machine (with no special provision for the currency denominations) and also lacks the complement wheels of the original.  There is also some additional decoration, more along the lines of the Queen of Sweden machine. Internally the mechanism, whilst robust and working well, is made of modern components with no attempt to replicate the brass internals of the originals.  The machines have been built with considerable dedication and are celebrated by the Clermont-Ferrand community.

 Meyer has created this machine out of brass throughout (with the exception of small steel pins) and a mahogany base, with a stylus turned from very dense  wood.  The maker applied techniques of the time (such as riveting, pressing, and wedging) with all brass parts burnished to achieve an age-appropriate surface. The attention to detail, including decoration of internal parts, is of a quality consistent with the artisanship applied to the original Pascalines, many of which were destined for the cabinets of the nobility.  Whilst not modelled on any particular machine, Meyer's design is similar to, and shows features from both the Queen of Sweden, and Tardive six wheel scientific Pascalines.

!!! 5. Replicas by Pierre Charrier, Clermont-Ferrand, Paris, France

Not all "replicas" of the Pascaline are intended to replicate a particular surviving Pascaline in every detail. The objective of Jan Meyer in his 'recreation' of the Pascaline is to demonstrate that if the known intentions of Pascal, as revealed in early diagrams of the mechanism, and as expressed in the surviving machines, is recreated with the aid of modern tools, then the resulting machine will carry out the functions designed by Pascal with perfect reliability. Meyer has created this machine out of brass throughout (with the exception of small steel pins) and a mahogany base, with a stylus turned from very dense  wood.  The maker applied techniques of the time (such as riveting, pressing, and wedging) with all brass parts burnished to achieve an age-appropriate surface. The attention to detail, including decoration of internal parts, is of a quality consistent with the artisanship applied to the original Pascalines, many of which were destined for the cabinets of the nobility.  Whilst not modelled on any particular machine, Meyer's design is similar to, and shows features from both the Queen of Sweden, and Tardive six wheel scientific Pascalines.

An almost identical replica was auctioned by Auction Team Breker in May 2013.  Originally presented as a surviving original Pascaline, Valéry Monnier in Paris raised serious questions over its authenticity, and later Breker itself commissioned an appraisal including spectral analysis which demonstrated the brass to be C20, screws to be of modern pitch, which amongst other matters raised by Monnier not only demonstrated it to be a replica, but most likely another of the replicas created by the craftspeople who built the other two replicas for IBM.

***IBM Replica auctioned in New York in 2009**\\

This eight wheel surveying machine seems closest to the originals in the IBM and Léon Parcé collections.  M. Guatelli, was a well known maker of historical replicas of mathematical instruments, recreating his vision of a machine in a Leonardo da Vinci manuscript (probably not a calculator), as well as a Babbage replica.  He constructed several several replicas of Pascalines including the one below, and similar machines now in the  Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia "Leonardo da Vinci" in Milano, as well as a replica for  IBM.[^[[http://www.ami19.org/Repliques/Pascaline-Page.html#_jmp0_]], viewed 26 May 2013^]

!!! 1. Replicas by M. Guatelli.

***Canada Science Museum replica by M. Guatelli**\\
This eight wheel surveying machine seems closest to the originals in the IBM and Léon Parcé collections.

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Since only eight of the [[Site.SurvivingPascalines|original Pascalines]] are known to have survived there has been some incentive to build replicas, of which a small number now exist.

Since only eight of the original Pascalines are known to have survived there has been some incentive to build replicas, of which a small number now exist.

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***Canada Science Museum replica by M. Guatelli\\

***Science Museum, London replica of the Queen of Sweden Pascaline by Ernest Rognon, 1926\\

***IBM Replica\

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*** "Tardive" (late), accounting machine (6 wheels)**\\

!!! 2. [[http://www.clermont-ferrand.fr/-Museum-Henri-Lecoq-.htm|Musée Henri Lecoq]], Clermont-Ferrand, Paris, France

*** "Marguerite Périer", scientific machine (8 wheels)**\\

*** "Chevalier Durant-Pascal", accounting machine (5 wheels), with box**\\- may have been designed for portable use.\\

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