Site.CuneiformReceipt History
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06 May 2023
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06 May 2023
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14 December 2015
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Changed line 6 from:
A 4,000 year old 'delivery docket'. Reading from the bottom on the above:\\ "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."\\\\\\
to:
A 4,000 year old 'delivery docket'. Reading from the bottom on the above (using modern volume equivalents):\\ "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."\\\\\\
14 December 2015
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Changed line 6 from:
A 4,000 year old 'cash register receipt'. Reading from the bottom on the above:\\ "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."\\\\\\
to:
A 4,000 year old 'delivery docket'. Reading from the bottom on the above:\\ "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."\\\\\\
14 December 2015
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14 December 2015
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Changed line 6 from:
A 4,000 year old 'cash register receipt'. Reading from the bottom on the above:\\\\ "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."\\\\\\
to:
A 4,000 year old 'cash register receipt'. Reading from the bottom on the above:\\ "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."\\\\\\
14 December 2015
by -
Changed line 6 from:
A 4,000 year old 'cash register receipt'. Reading from the bottom on the above:\\ "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."\\\\
to:
A 4,000 year old 'cash register receipt'. Reading from the bottom on the above:\\\\ "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."\\\\\\
14 December 2015
by -
Changed line 6 from:
A 4,000 year old 'cash register receipt'. Reading from the bottom on the above:\\ "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."\\
to:
A 4,000 year old 'cash register receipt'. Reading from the bottom on the above:\\ "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."\\\\
14 December 2015
by -
Changed line 6 from:
A 4,000 year old 'cash register receipt'. Reading from the bottom on the above:\\ "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."
to:
A 4,000 year old 'cash register receipt'. Reading from the bottom on the above:\\ "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."\\
14 December 2015
by -
14 December 2015
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Changed line 6 from:
A 4,000 year old 'cash register receipt'. Reading from the bottom on the above:\\ "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of \\dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."
to:
A 4,000 year old 'cash register receipt'. Reading from the bottom on the above:\\ "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."
14 December 2015
by -
Changed line 6 from:
to:
A 4,000 year old 'cash register receipt'. Reading from the bottom on the above:\\ "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of \\dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."
14 December 2015
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Changed line 6 from:
Reading from the bottom: "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of \\dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."
to:
Reading from the bottom on the above: "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of \\dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."
14 December 2015
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Changed line 6 from:
to:
Reading from the bottom: "In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of \\dried cheese with sumac and 13 litres of clarified butter."
14 December 2015
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Changed line 6 from:
"In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of dried cheese with summac and 13 litres of clarified butter."
to:
"In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of dried cheese with sumac\\ and 13 litres of clarified butter."
14 December 2015
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Added lines 5-7:
"In the month of šugargal did Ur-Dumuzi receive from Ur-mes 16 litres of dried cheese with summac and 13 litres of clarified butter."
13 December 2015
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Changed line 41 from:
Translates as 1 [10 litre] + 3 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+3 = 13 litres) of clarified butter.
to:
Translates as 1 [10 litre] + 3 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 10+3 = 13 litres) of clarified butter.
13 December 2015
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Changed line 64 from:
//Note//: 16/1.7 kg = 9 kg of dried cheese, approximately (or a bit more than) the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year[^Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, p. 383, 389^] of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling.
to:
//Note//: 16/1.7 kg = 9 kg of dried cheese, approximately (or a bit more than) the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year[^Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, p. 383, 389^] of kašk-cheese [ga] - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling.
13 December 2015
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Changed lines 45-46 from:
(ii) Nine litres of clarrified butter corresponds to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year [^Robert K. Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, Commentationes, http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1995c.pdf, viewed 16 Nov 2015, p. 395^]
to:
(ii) Thirteen litres of clarrified butter corresponds roughly to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 3 cows over a year [^Robert K. Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, Commentationes, http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1995c.pdf, viewed 16 Nov 2015, p. 395^]
Changed line 64 from:
//Note//: 12/1.7 kg = 7 kg of dried cheese = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year[^Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, p. 383, 389^] of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling.
to:
//Note//: 16/1.7 kg = 9 kg of dried cheese, approximately (or a bit more than) the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year[^Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, p. 383, 389^] of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling.
16 November 2015
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Changed lines 43-45 from:
//Note//: Nine litres of clarrified butter corresponds to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year [^Robert K. Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, Commentationes, http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1995c.pdf, viewed 16 Nov 2015, p. 395^]
to:
//Note 1//:
(ii) Nine litres of clarrified butter corresponds to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year [^Robert K. Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, Commentationes, http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1995c.pdf, viewed 16 Nov 2015, p. 395^]
(ii) the issue of what each measure represents is complicated by the fact that in different periods the same unit could correspond to different quantities. Ozaki Tohru notes that this tablet belonged to the Ur III period. At that time 1 ban2 corresponded to 10 sila3, although in the Early Dynastic period 6 sila3 was 1 ban2. So for this tablet we may translate the line 1 ban2, 3 sila3 [of] i3-nun was 10+3 sila3 i3-nun, that is 13 liters of fine butter. (The equivalences were: 10 sila3 = 1 ban2, 6 ban2 = 1 nigida, 5 nigida = 1 gur, therefore 1 gur = 10x6x5 = 300 sila3 (ca. 300 liters)).[^Ozaki Tohru, "Re:Re: On your tablet", private communication, 5 Nov 2015.^]
(ii) Nine litres of clarrified butter corresponds to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year [^Robert K. Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, Commentationes, http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1995c.pdf, viewed 16 Nov 2015, p. 395^]
(ii) the issue of what each measure represents is complicated by the fact that in different periods the same unit could correspond to different quantities. Ozaki Tohru notes that this tablet belonged to the Ur III period. At that time 1 ban2 corresponded to 10 sila3, although in the Early Dynastic period 6 sila3 was 1 ban2. So for this tablet we may translate the line 1 ban2, 3 sila3 [of] i3-nun was 10+3 sila3 i3-nun, that is 13 liters of fine butter. (The equivalences were: 10 sila3 = 1 ban2, 6 ban2 = 1 nigida, 5 nigida = 1 gur, therefore 1 gur = 10x6x5 = 300 sila3 (ca. 300 liters)).[^Ozaki Tohru, "Re:Re: On your tablet", private communication, 5 Nov 2015.^]
Changed lines 81-83 from:
**Line 2. iti szu-gar-gal (month “šugargal”** - usually considered the first month of the year, but with some evidence it may have been the second. **)**
//Note//: that the issue of what each measure represents is complicated by the fact that in different periods the same unit could correspond to different quantities. Ozaki Tohru notes that this tablet belonged to the Ur III period. At that time 1 ban2 corresponded to 10 sila3, although in the Early Dynastic period 6 sila3 was 1 ban2. So for this tablet we may translate the line 1 ban2, 3 sila3 [of] i3-nun was 10+3 sila3 i3-nun, that is 13 liters of fine butter. (The equivalences were: 10 sila3 = 1 ban2, 6 ban2 = 1 nigida, 5 nigida = 1 gur, therefore 1 gur = 10x6x5 = 300 sila3 (ca. 300 liters)).[^Ozaki Tohru, "Re:Re: On your tablet", private communication, 5 Nov 2015.^]
//Note//: that
to:
**Line 2. iti szu-gar-gal (month “šugargal")**
Ozaki Tohru notes that šugargal is usually considered the first month of the year, but there is some evidence it may have been the second.
Ozaki Tohru notes that šugargal is usually considered the first month of the year, but there is some evidence it may have been the second.
16 November 2015
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Changed line 77 from:
**Line 2. iti szu-gar-gal (month “šugargal” - usually considered the first month of the year, but with some evidence it may have been the second. )**
to:
**Line 2. iti szu-gar-gal (month “šugargal”** - usually considered the first month of the year, but with some evidence it may have been the second. **)**
16 November 2015
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Changed line 77 from:
**Line 2. iti szu-gar-gal (month “šugargal.” )**
to:
**Line 2. iti szu-gar-gal (month “šugargal” - usually considered the first month of the year, but with some evidence it may have been the second. )**
16 November 2015
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Changed line 1 from:
(:title 2100-2000 BC: Neo Sumerian cuneiform receipt for 9 litres of clarified butter and 12 litres of dried cheese with sumac:)
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(:title 2100-2000 BC: Neo Sumerian cuneiform receipt for 13 litres of clarified butter and 16 litres of dried cheese with sumac:)
16 November 2015
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Changed lines 23-27 from:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line was made by David Owen in 2013[^David Owen, Nisaba 15: Unprovenanced Texts Primarily from Iri-Saĝrig/Āl-Šarrākī and the History of the Ur III Period, Volume I: Commentary and Indexes, 2013, 0987.^]
Volume I: Commentary and Indexes
, 987^] and is shown with some elaboration by Bob Englund. The formal entry for this tablet can be found in the cdli database at [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P454156|this record (P454156)]].[^Bob Englund, "Re: Another Tablet", private communication, 25 Sep 2015.^]
Volume I: Commentary and Indexes
, 987
to:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line was made by David Owen in 2013[^David Owen, Nisaba 15: Unprovenanced Texts Primarily from Iri-Saĝrig/Āl-Šarrākī and the History of the Ur III Period, Volume I: Commentary and Indexes, 2013, 0987.^] and is shown with some elaboration by Bob Englund. The formal entry for this tablet can be found in the cdli database at [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P454156|this record (P454156)]].[^Bob Englund, "Re: Another Tablet", private communication, 25 Sep 2015.^]
16 November 2015
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Changed line 83 from:
to:
//Note//: that the issue of what each measure represents is complicated by the fact that in different periods the same unit could correspond to different quantities. Ozaki Tohru notes that this tablet belonged to the Ur III period. At that time 1 ban2 corresponded to 10 sila3, although in the Early Dynastic period 6 sila3 was 1 ban2. So for this tablet we may translate the line 1 ban2, 3 sila3 [of] i3-nun was 10+3 sila3 i3-nun, that is 13 liters of fine butter. (The equivalences were: 10 sila3 = 1 ban2, 6 ban2 = 1 nigida, 5 nigida = 1 gur, therefore 1 gur = 10x6x5 = 300 sila3 (ca. 300 liters)).[^Ozaki Tohru, "Re:Re: On your tablet", private communication, 5 Nov 2015.^]
16 November 2015
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Changed lines 47-49 from:
Note: Nine litres of clarrified butter corresponds to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year (Englund paper.pdf p. 395)
to:
//Note//: Nine litres of clarrified butter corresponds to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year [^Robert K. Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, Commentationes, http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1995c.pdf, viewed 16 Nov 2015, p. 395^]
Changed lines 60-61 from:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformGazi.jpg gazi (with sumac -noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Bob Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.)[^Robert K. Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, Commentationes, http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1995c.pdf, viewed 16 Nov 2015, p. 379^]
to:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformGazi.jpg gazi (with sumac -noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Bob Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.)[^Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, p. 379^]
Changed line 64 from:
Note. 12/1.7 kg = 7 kg of dried cheese = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year[^Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, p. 383, 389^] of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling.
to:
//Note//: 12/1.7 kg = 7 kg of dried cheese = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year[^Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, p. 383, 389^] of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling.
16 November 2015
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Changed lines 60-61 from:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformGazi.jpg gazi (with sumac -noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Bob Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.)
to:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformGazi.jpg gazi (with sumac -noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Bob Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.)[^Robert K. Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, Commentationes, http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1995c.pdf, viewed 16 Nov 2015, p. 379^]
Changed line 64 from:
Note. 12/1.7 kg = 7 kg of dried cheese = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.[^Robert K. Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, Commentationes, http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1995c.pdf, viewed 16 Nov 2015, in particular, p. 379^]
to:
Note. 12/1.7 kg = 7 kg of dried cheese = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year[^Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, p. 383, 389^] of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling.
16 November 2015
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Changed line 64 from:
Note. 12/1.7 kg = 7 kg of dried cheese = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.[^Robert K. Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, Commentationes, http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1995c.pdf, viewed 16 Nov 2015, in particular, p. 379]]
to:
Note. 12/1.7 kg = 7 kg of dried cheese = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.[^Robert K. Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, Commentationes, http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1995c.pdf, viewed 16 Nov 2015, in particular, p. 379^]
16 November 2015
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Changed line 64 from:
Note. 12/1.7 kg Englund paper.pdf = 7 kg of dried cheese = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling Englund paper.pdf p. 379] with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.
to:
Note. 12/1.7 kg = 7 kg of dried cheese = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.[^Robert K. Englund, //Regulating Dairy Productivity in the Ur III Period//, Commentationes, http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1995c.pdf, viewed 16 Nov 2015, in particular, p. 379]]
16 November 2015
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Changed line 23 from:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line was made by David Owen in 2013[^David Owen, Nisaba 15: Unprovenanced Texts Primarily from Iri-Saĝrig/Āl-Šarrākī and the History of the Ur III Period, Volume I: Commentary and Indexes"^]
to:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line was made by David Owen in 2013[^David Owen, Nisaba 15: Unprovenanced Texts Primarily from Iri-Saĝrig/Āl-Šarrākī and the History of the Ur III Period, Volume I: Commentary and Indexes, 2013, 0987.^]
16 November 2015
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Changed line 69 from:
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Bob Englund notes that ur-mes in Irisagrig is usually the governor (ensi2)
16 November 2015
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Changed lines 67-69 from:
**Line 3. ki ur-mes-ta (from Ur-mes)**
to:
**Line 3. ki ur-mes-ta (from Ur-mes)**
Bob Englund notes that ur-mes in Irisagrig is usually the governor (ensi2)
Bob Englund notes that ur-mes in Irisagrig is usually the governor (ensi2)
16 November 2015
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Changed line 36 from:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformBan2.jpg http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.jpg = 1 ban2 (approximately 6 litres)
to:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformBan2.jpg http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.jpg = 1 ban2 (approximately 10 litres)
Changed line 52 from:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformBan2.jpg 1 ban2 (6 litres)
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%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformBan2.jpg 1 ban2 (10 litres)
16 November 2015
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Changed line 19 from:
The tablet constitutes a receipt signed by Ur-Dumuzi, who, as Bob Englund notes, was "presumably someone representing in some way a state agency in Irisagrig, from Ur-mes, who we may suspect deals with the processing or transportation of dairy products in some way. As soon as the “nice numbers” 5 and 7 1/2 go away, you are dealing with real things and not quotas. for the delivery of 13 litres of clarified butter and 16 litres of dried cheese with the herb sumac. On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible [see the second character group in lines 1 and 2]."
to:
The tablet constitutes a receipt signed by Ur-Dumuzi, who, as Bob Englund notes, was "presumably someone representing in some way a state agency in Irisagrig, from Ur-mes, who we may suspect deals with the processing or transportation of dairy products in some way. As soon as the “nice numbers” 5 and 7 1/2 go away, you are dealing with real things and not quotas." The receipt is for the delivery of 13 litres of clarified butter and 16 litres of dried cheese with the herb sumac. On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible [see the second character group in lines 1 and 2]."
16 November 2015
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Changed lines 19-20 from:
The tablet constitutes a receipt for the delivery of 13 litres of clarified butter and 16 litres of dried cheese with the herb sumac. On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible [see the second character group in lines 1 and 2]. Such characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. This receipt is from Neo Sumerian period which followed the end of the period of Akkadian rule from 2100 - 2000 BC.
to:
The tablet constitutes a receipt signed by Ur-Dumuzi, who, as Bob Englund notes, was "presumably someone representing in some way a state agency in Irisagrig, from Ur-mes, who we may suspect deals with the processing or transportation of dairy products in some way. As soon as the “nice numbers” 5 and 7 1/2 go away, you are dealing with real things and not quotas. for the delivery of 13 litres of clarified butter and 16 litres of dried cheese with the herb sumac. On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible [see the second character group in lines 1 and 2]."
Changed lines 23-24 from:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line was made by David Owen in 2013[^David Owen, Nisaba 15, 987^] and is shown with some elaboration by Bob Englund. The formal entry for this tablet can be found in the cdli database at [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P454156|this record (P454156)]].[^Bob Englund, "Re: Another Tablet", private communication, 25 Sep 2015.^]
to:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line was made by David Owen in 2013[^David Owen, Nisaba 15: Unprovenanced Texts Primarily from Iri-Saĝrig/Āl-Šarrākī and the History of the Ur III Period, Volume I: Commentary and Indexes"^]
Volume I: Commentary and Indexes
, 987^] and is shown with some elaboration by Bob Englund. The formal entry for this tablet can be found in the cdli database at [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P454156|this record (P454156)]].[^Bob Englund, "Re: Another Tablet", private communication, 25 Sep 2015.^]
Volume I: Commentary and Indexes
, 987^] and is shown with some elaboration by Bob Englund. The formal entry for this tablet can be found in the cdli database at [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P454156|this record (P454156)]].[^Bob Englund, "Re: Another Tablet", private communication, 25 Sep 2015.^]
Changed line 83 from:
[^#^]
to:
[^#^]
16 November 2015
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16 November 2015
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Changed lines 23-24 from:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line was made by David Owen in 2013 and is shown with some elaboration by Bob Englund. The formal entry for this tablet can be found in the cdli database at [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P454156|this record (P454156)]].[^Bob Englund, "Re: Another Tablet", private communication, 25 Sep 2015.^]
to:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line was made by David Owen in 2013[^David Owen, Nisaba 15, 987^] and is shown with some elaboration by Bob Englund. The formal entry for this tablet can be found in the cdli database at [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P454156|this record (P454156)]].[^Bob Englund, "Re: Another Tablet", private communication, 25 Sep 2015.^]
Deleted line 79:
16 November 2015
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Changed line 19 from:
The tablet constitutes a receipt for the delivery of 9 litres of clarified butter and 12 litres of dried cheese with the herb sumac. On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible [see the second character group in lines 1 and 2]. Such characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. This receipt is from Neo Sumerian period which followed the end of the period of Akkadian rule from 2100 - 2000 BC.
to:
The tablet constitutes a receipt for the delivery of 13 litres of clarified butter and 16 litres of dried cheese with the herb sumac. On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible [see the second character group in lines 1 and 2]. Such characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. This receipt is from Neo Sumerian period which followed the end of the period of Akkadian rule from 2100 - 2000 BC.
16 November 2015
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Changed line 77 from:
**Note** that the issue of what each measure represents is complicated by the fact that in different periods the same unit could correspond to different quantities. Professor Ozaki Tohru notes that this tablet belonged to the Ur III period. At that time 1 ban2 corresponded to 10 sila3, although in the Early Dynastic period 6 sila3 was 1 ban2. So for this tablet we may translate the line 1 ban2, 3 sila3 [of] i3-nun was 10+3 sila3 i3-nun, that is 13 liters of fine butter. (The equivalences were: 10 sila3 = 1 ban2, 6 ban2 = 1 nigida, 5 nigida = 1 gur, therefore 1 gur = 10x6x5 = 300 sila3 (ca. 300 liters)).[^Ozaki Tohru, "Re:Re: On your tablet", private communication, 5 Nov 2015.^]
to:
**Note** that the issue of what each measure represents is complicated by the fact that in different periods the same unit could correspond to different quantities. Ozaki Tohru notes that this tablet belonged to the Ur III period. At that time 1 ban2 corresponded to 10 sila3, although in the Early Dynastic period 6 sila3 was 1 ban2. So for this tablet we may translate the line 1 ban2, 3 sila3 [of] i3-nun was 10+3 sila3 i3-nun, that is 13 liters of fine butter. (The equivalences were: 10 sila3 = 1 ban2, 6 ban2 = 1 nigida, 5 nigida = 1 gur, therefore 1 gur = 10x6x5 = 300 sila3 (ca. 300 liters)).[^Ozaki Tohru, "Re:Re: On your tablet", private communication, 5 Nov 2015.^]
16 November 2015
by -
Changed line 12 from:
to:
Ozaki Tohru, an expert on the period of this tablet has kindly provided some commentary on its context. He notes it is from an ancient Sumerian city called Urusagrig or Irisagrig (or Al-Sharraki in Akkadian).
16 November 2015
by -
Changed line 14 from:
Prof Tohru writes "The period was called the Ur III period (or the period of the Third Dynasty of Ur). This kingdom was powerful in the 21 century B.C. and its realm was mainly in the Southern part of present Iraq, approximately from the South of Baghdad until the head of the Persian Gulf. At that time there were many Sumerian cities where not only Sumerians but Semitic Akkadians lived. Urusagrig was one of them, but its exact position is still unknown. According to some recent studies man says it lay somewhere South rather than near today's Iraqi capital."[^Ozaki Tohru, "On your tablet", private communication, 2 Nov 2015^]
to:
Prof Tohru writes "The period was called the Ur III period (or the period of the Third Dynasty of Ur). This kingdom was powerful in the 21 century B.C. and its realm was mainly in the Southern part of present Iraq, approximately from the South of Baghdad until the head of the Persian Gulf. At that time there were many Sumerian cities where not only Sumerians but Semitic Akkadians lived. Urusagrig was one of them, but its exact position is still unknown. According to some recent studies man says it lay somewhere South rather than near today's Iraqi capital."
Changed lines 16-18 from:
On the reverse of the tablet we can read iti shu-gar-gal, the name of one of 12 months of the calendar used in that city. David Owen of Cornell University, a very famous and leading scholar of the Sumerian history, thinks that the month held the first position of a year, that is, it was the first month of a year (corresponding to March to April today). But through my new study, I have another opinion that it was the second. But my opinion is not published yet in a journal or a monograph --- indeed today I have completed an article about it --, many scholars do not have any doubt against Owen's view.
to:
"On the reverse of the tablet we can read iti shu-gar-gal, the name of one of 12 months of the calendar used in that city. David Owen of Cornell University, a very famous and leading scholar of the Sumerian history, thinks that the month held the first position of a year, that is, it was the first month of a year (corresponding to March to April today). But through my new study, I have another opinion that it was the second. But my opinion is not published yet in a journal or a monograph --- indeed today I have completed an article about it --, many scholars do not have any doubt against Owen's view."[^Ozaki Tohru, "On your tablet", private communication, 2 Nov 2015^]
Changed lines 23-24 from:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line was made by David Owen in 2013 and is shown with some elaboration by Bob Englund. The formal entry for this tablet can be found in the cdli database at [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P454156|this record (P454156)]].
to:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line was made by David Owen in 2013 and is shown with some elaboration by Bob Englund. The formal entry for this tablet can be found in the cdli database at [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P454156|this record (P454156)]].[^Bob Englund, "Re: Another Tablet", private communication, 25 Sep 2015.^]
Deleted line 79:
16 November 2015
by -
Changed line 14 from:
Prof Tohru writes "The period was called the Ur III period (or the period of the Third Dynasty of Ur). This kingdom was powerful in the 21 century B.C. and its realm was mainly in the Southern part of present Iraq, approximately from the South of Baghdad until the head of the Persian Gulf. At that time there were many Sumerian cities where not only Sumerians but Semitic Akkadians lived. Urusagrig was one of them, but its exact position is still unknown. According to some recent studies man says it lay somewhere South rather than near today's Iraqi capital."[^Ozaki Tohru, "On your tablet", private communication, 5 Nov 2015^]
to:
Prof Tohru writes "The period was called the Ur III period (or the period of the Third Dynasty of Ur). This kingdom was powerful in the 21 century B.C. and its realm was mainly in the Southern part of present Iraq, approximately from the South of Baghdad until the head of the Persian Gulf. At that time there were many Sumerian cities where not only Sumerians but Semitic Akkadians lived. Urusagrig was one of them, but its exact position is still unknown. According to some recent studies man says it lay somewhere South rather than near today's Iraqi capital."[^Ozaki Tohru, "On your tablet", private communication, 2 Nov 2015^]
Changed line 77 from:
**Note** that the issue of what each measure represents is complicated by the fact that in different periods the same unit could correspond to different quantities. Professor Ozaki Tohru, a specialist in the era of this tablet notes that this tablet belonged to the Ur III period. At that time 1 ban2 corresponded to 10 sila3, although in the Early Dynastic period 6 sila3 was 1 ban2. So for this tablet we may translate the line 1 ban2, 3 sila3 [of] i3-nun was 10+3 sila3 i3-nun, that is 13 liters of fine butter. (The equivalences were: 10 sila3 = 1 ban2, 6 ban2 = 1 nigida, 5 nigida = 1 gur, therefore 1 gur = 10x6x5 = 300 sila3 (ca. 300 liters)). This information has been used in the above translation.
to:
**Note** that the issue of what each measure represents is complicated by the fact that in different periods the same unit could correspond to different quantities. Professor Ozaki Tohru notes that this tablet belonged to the Ur III period. At that time 1 ban2 corresponded to 10 sila3, although in the Early Dynastic period 6 sila3 was 1 ban2. So for this tablet we may translate the line 1 ban2, 3 sila3 [of] i3-nun was 10+3 sila3 i3-nun, that is 13 liters of fine butter. (The equivalences were: 10 sila3 = 1 ban2, 6 ban2 = 1 nigida, 5 nigida = 1 gur, therefore 1 gur = 10x6x5 = 300 sila3 (ca. 300 liters)).[^Ozaki Tohru, "Re:Re: On your tablet", private communication, 5 Nov 2015.^]
16 November 2015
by -
Added lines 12-18:
Professor Ozaki Tohru, an expert on the period of this tablet has kindly provided some commentary on its context. He notes it is from an ancient Sumerian city called Urusagrig or Irisagrig (or Al-Sharraki in Akkadian).
Prof Tohru writes "The period was called the Ur III period (or the period of the Third Dynasty of Ur). This kingdom was powerful in the 21 century B.C. and its realm was mainly in the Southern part of present Iraq, approximately from the South of Baghdad until the head of the Persian Gulf. At that time there were many Sumerian cities where not only Sumerians but Semitic Akkadians lived. Urusagrig was one of them, but its exact position is still unknown. According to some recent studies man says it lay somewhere South rather than near today's Iraqi capital."[^Ozaki Tohru, "On your tablet", private communication, 5 Nov 2015^]
On the reverse of the tablet we can read iti shu-gar-gal, the name of one of 12 months of the calendar used in that city. David Owen of Cornell University, a very famous and leading scholar of the Sumerian history, thinks that the month held the first position of a year, that is, it was the first month of a year (corresponding to March to April today). But through my new study, I have another opinion that it was the second. But my opinion is not published yet in a journal or a monograph --- indeed today I have completed an article about it --, many scholars do not have any doubt against Owen's view.
Prof Tohru writes "The period was called the Ur III period (or the period of the Third Dynasty of Ur). This kingdom was powerful in the 21 century B.C. and its realm was mainly in the Southern part of present Iraq, approximately from the South of Baghdad until the head of the Persian Gulf. At that time there were many Sumerian cities where not only Sumerians but Semitic Akkadians lived. Urusagrig was one of them, but its exact position is still unknown. According to some recent studies man says it lay somewhere South rather than near today's Iraqi capital."[^Ozaki Tohru, "On your tablet", private communication, 5 Nov 2015^]
On the reverse of the tablet we can read iti shu-gar-gal, the name of one of 12 months of the calendar used in that city. David Owen of Cornell University, a very famous and leading scholar of the Sumerian history, thinks that the month held the first position of a year, that is, it was the first month of a year (corresponding to March to April today). But through my new study, I have another opinion that it was the second. But my opinion is not published yet in a journal or a monograph --- indeed today I have completed an article about it --, many scholars do not have any doubt against Owen's view.
Added lines 78-79:
[^#^]
16 November 2015
by -
Changed lines 20-23 from:
At that time 1 ban2 corresponded to 10 sila3, although in the Early Dynastic period 6 sila3 was 1 ban2. So for this tablet we may translate the line 1 ban2, 3 sila3 [of] i3-nun was 10+3 sila3 i3-nun, that is 13 liters of fine butter. (The equivalences were: 10 sila3 = 1 ban2, 6 ban2 = 1 nigida, 5 nigida = 1 gur, therefore 1 gur = 10x6x5 = 300 sila3 (ca. 300 liters)). Using this information we may provide the following translation:
to:
Added lines 69-71:
**Note** that the issue of what each measure represents is complicated by the fact that in different periods the same unit could correspond to different quantities. Professor Ozaki Tohru, a specialist in the era of this tablet notes that this tablet belonged to the Ur III period. At that time 1 ban2 corresponded to 10 sila3, although in the Early Dynastic period 6 sila3 was 1 ban2. So for this tablet we may translate the line 1 ban2, 3 sila3 [of] i3-nun was 10+3 sila3 i3-nun, that is 13 liters of fine butter. (The equivalences were: 10 sila3 = 1 ban2, 6 ban2 = 1 nigida, 5 nigida = 1 gur, therefore 1 gur = 10x6x5 = 300 sila3 (ca. 300 liters)). This information has been used in the above translation.
16 November 2015
by -
Added lines 19-22:
The issue of what each measure represents is complicated by the fact that in different periods the same unit could correspond to different quantities. Professor Ozaki Tohru, a specialist in the era of this tablet notes that this tablet belonged to the Ur III period.
At that time 1 ban2 corresponded to 10 sila3, although in the Early Dynastic period 6 sila3 was 1 ban2. So for this tablet we may translate the line 1 ban2, 3 sila3 [of] i3-nun was 10+3 sila3 i3-nun, that is 13 liters of fine butter. (The equivalences were: 10 sila3 = 1 ban2, 6 ban2 = 1 nigida, 5 nigida = 1 gur, therefore 1 gur = 10x6x5 = 300 sila3 (ca. 300 liters)). Using this information we may provide the following translation:
16 November 2015
by -
Changed lines 33-37 from:
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 3 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+3 = 9 litres) of clarified butter.
Note:This 9 litres of clarrified butter corresponds to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year (Englund paper.pdf p. 395)
Note:
to:
Translates as 1 [10 litre] + 3 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+3 = 13 litres) of clarified butter.
Note: Nine litres of clarrified butter corresponds to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year (Englund paper.pdf p. 395)
Note: Nine litres of clarrified butter corresponds to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year (Englund paper.pdf p. 395)
Changed line 50 from:
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 6 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+6 = 12 litres) of dried cheese with sumac
to:
Translates as 1 [10 litre] + 6 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 10+6 = 16 litres) of dried cheese with sumac
29 October 2015
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Changed lines 1-3 from:
(:title 2100-2000 BC: Akkadian cuneiform receipt for 9 litres of clarified butter and 12 litres of dried cheese with sumac:)
to:
(:title 2100-2000 BC: Neo Sumerian cuneiform receipt for 9 litres of clarified butter and 12 litres of dried cheese with sumac:)
Changed line 12 from:
The tablet constitutes a receipt for the delivery of 9 litres of clarified butter and 12 litres of dried cheese with the herb sumac. On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible [see the second character group in lines 1 and 2]. Such characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. This receipt is from the end of the period of Akkadian rule, which lasted to 2100 BC.
to:
The tablet constitutes a receipt for the delivery of 9 litres of clarified butter and 12 litres of dried cheese with the herb sumac. On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible [see the second character group in lines 1 and 2]. Such characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. This receipt is from Neo Sumerian period which followed the end of the period of Akkadian rule from 2100 - 2000 BC.
28 October 2015
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Changed line 24 from:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformBan2.jpg http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.jpg = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
to:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformBan2.jpg http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.jpg = 1 ban2 (approximately 6 litres)
Changed lines 27-29 from:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Cuneiform3.jpg 3 disz = 3 Vertical strokes = 3
- which is approximately equivalent to 1 litre
to:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Cuneiform3.jpg 3 disz (3 vertical strokes = 3)
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformSila3.jpg http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/sila3.jpg 1 sila3 (which is approximately equivalent to 1 litre )
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformSila3.jpg http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/sila3.jpg 1 sila3 (which is approximately equivalent to 1 litre )
Changed lines 33-35 from:
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 3 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+3 = 9 litres) of clarified butter. This corresponds to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year (Englund paper.pdf p. 395)
to:
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 3 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+3 = 9 litres) of clarified butter.
Note: This 9 litres of clarrified butter corresponds to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year (Englund paper.pdf p. 395)
Note: This 9 litres of clarrified butter corresponds to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year (Englund paper.pdf p. 395)
Changed lines 40-43 from:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformBan2.jpg 1 ban2 (6. litre)
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Cuneiform6.jpg 6 disz= 6 Vertical strokes = 6
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Cuneiform6.jpg 6 disz
to:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformBan2.jpg 1 ban2 (6 litres)
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Cuneiform6.jpg 6 disz (6 vertical strokes = 6)
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Cuneiform6.jpg 6 disz (6 vertical strokes = 6)
Changed lines 50-52 from:
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 6 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+6 = 12 litres = 12/1.7 kg Englund paper.pdf = 7 kg = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling Englund paper.pdf p. 379] with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.
to:
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 6 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+6 = 12 litres) of dried cheese with sumac
Note. 12/1.7 kg Englund paper.pdf = 7 kg of dried cheese = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling Englund paper.pdf p. 379] with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.
Note. 12/1.7 kg Englund paper.pdf = 7 kg of dried cheese = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling Englund paper.pdf p. 379] with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.
28 October 2015
by -
Changed lines 8-11 from:
As with the later [[Site.CuneiformTag|Old Babylonian Tag]] in this collection, this is a receipt for goods from the Sumerian civilisation - the source of cuneiform script which was the earliest known alphabetic writing system. Cuneiform was developed in the period prior to 3,500 BC in the fertile plain of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
On
On
to:
As with the later [[Site.CuneiformTag|Old Babylonian Tag]] in this collection, this is a receipt for goods from the Sumerian civilisation - the source of cuneiform script which was the earliest known alphabetic writing system. Cuneiform was developed in the period prior to 3,500 BC in the fertile plain of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
The tablet was obtained at auction at the Artemis Gallery (but also allowing bidding online) on 24 Sep 2015 having been held prior to that by Harlan J. Berk Ltd.
The tablet constitutes a receipt for the delivery of 9 litres of clarified butter and 12 litres of dried cheese with the herb sumac. On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible [see the second character group in lines 1 and 2]. Such characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. This receipt is from the end of the period of Akkadian rule, which lasted to 2100 BC.
The tablet was obtained at auction at the Artemis Gallery (but also allowing bidding online) on 24 Sep 2015 having been held prior to that by Harlan J. Berk Ltd.
The tablet constitutes a receipt for the delivery of 9 litres of clarified butter and 12 litres of dried cheese with the herb sumac. On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible [see the second character group in lines 1 and 2]. Such characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. This receipt is from the end of the period of Akkadian rule, which lasted to 2100 BC.
Deleted line 63:
28 October 2015
by -
Changed lines 14-16 from:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line is by David Owen with some elaboration by Bob Englund, the full entry for which can be found in the cdli database at [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P454156|this record (P454156)]].
Below, the front face is shown with Owen's translation line by line and elucidated character by character for the first two lines. Additional additional explanation is provided, in particular drawn from the CDLI Wiki [[http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=neo_babylonian_weights_and_measures#units_of_length|Neo Babylonian weights and measures section]] and papers by Bob Englund. The translation by Owen of the legible characters on the reverse face are also shown.
Below, the front face is shown with Owen's translation line by line and elucidated character by character for the first two lines. Additional additional explanation is provided, in particular drawn from the CDLI Wiki [[http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=neo_babylonian_weights_and_measures#units_of_length|Neo Babylonian weights and measures section]] and papers by Bob Englund. The translation by Owen of the legible characters on the reverse face are also shown.
to:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line was made by David Owen in 2013 and is shown with some elaboration by Bob Englund. The formal entry for this tablet can be found in the cdli database at [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P454156|this record (P454156)]].
Below, the front face of the tablet is shown with Owen's translation line by line and elucidated character by character for the first two lines. Additional additional explanation is provided, in particular drawn from the CDLI Wiki [[http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=neo_babylonian_weights_and_measures#units_of_length|Neo Babylonian weights and measures section]] and papers by Bob Englund. The translation by Owen of the legible characters on the reverse face are also shown.
Below, the front face of the tablet is shown with Owen's translation line by line and elucidated character by character for the first two lines. Additional additional explanation is provided, in particular drawn from the CDLI Wiki [[http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=neo_babylonian_weights_and_measures#units_of_length|Neo Babylonian weights and measures section]] and papers by Bob Englund. The translation by Owen of the legible characters on the reverse face are also shown.
28 October 2015
by -
Changed lines 14-17 from:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line is by Bob Englund, the full entry for which can be found in the cdli database at [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P454156|this record (P454156)]].
Below, the front face is shown withEngland's translation line by line and elucidated character by character for the first two lines. Additional additional explanation is provided, in particular drawn from the CDLI Wiki [[http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=neo_babylonian_weights_and_measures#units_of_length|Neo Babylonian weights and measures section]] and papers by Bob Englund.
Below, the front face is shown with
to:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line is by David Owen with some elaboration by Bob Englund, the full entry for which can be found in the cdli database at [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P454156|this record (P454156)]].
Below, the front face is shown with Owen's translation line by line and elucidated character by character for the first two lines. Additional additional explanation is provided, in particular drawn from the CDLI Wiki [[http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=neo_babylonian_weights_and_measures#units_of_length|Neo Babylonian weights and measures section]] and papers by Bob Englund. The translation by Owen of the legible characters on the reverse face are also shown.
Below, the front face is shown with Owen's translation line by line and elucidated character by character for the first two lines. Additional additional explanation is provided, in particular drawn from the CDLI Wiki [[http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=neo_babylonian_weights_and_measures#units_of_length|Neo Babylonian weights and measures section]] and papers by Bob Englund. The translation by Owen of the legible characters on the reverse face are also shown.
Deleted line 61:
28 October 2015
by -
Added lines 18-19:
**Front Face of Tablet**
Changed lines 51-64 from:
**Line 4. ur-{d}dumu-zi (did Ur-Dumuzi)**
to:
**Line 4. ur-{d}dumu-zi (did Ur-Dumuzi)**
**Back Face of Tablet**
**Line 1. szu ba-ti (receive)**
blank space
illegible seal impression
**Line 2. iti szu-gar-gal (month “šugargal.” )**
**Back Face of Tablet**
**Line 1. szu ba-ti (receive)**
blank space
illegible seal impression
**Line 2. iti szu-gar-gal (month “šugargal.” )**
28 October 2015
by -
Changed lines 14-16 from:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line (in bold) is by Bob Englund. Additional additional explanation is taken, in particular from the CDLI Wiki [[http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=neo_babylonian_weights_and_measures#units_of_length|Neo Babylonian weights and measures section]].
to:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line is by Bob Englund, the full entry for which can be found in the cdli database at [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P454156|this record (P454156)]].
Below, the front face is shown with England's translation line by line and elucidated character by character for the first two lines. Additional additional explanation is provided, in particular drawn from the CDLI Wiki [[http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=neo_babylonian_weights_and_measures#units_of_length|Neo Babylonian weights and measures section]] and papers by Bob Englund.
Below, the front face is shown with England's translation line by line and elucidated character by character for the first two lines. Additional additional explanation is provided, in particular drawn from the CDLI Wiki [[http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=neo_babylonian_weights_and_measures#units_of_length|Neo Babylonian weights and measures section]] and papers by Bob Englund.
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 14 from:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line (in bold) is by Bob Englund. Additional additional explanation is taken, in particular from the CDLI Wiki Neo Babylonian weights and measures section.
to:
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line (in bold) is by Bob Englund. Additional additional explanation is taken, in particular from the CDLI Wiki [[http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=neo_babylonian_weights_and_measures#units_of_length|Neo Babylonian weights and measures section]].
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 40 from:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformGazi.jpg (with sumac -noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Bob Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.)
to:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformGazi.jpg gazi (with sumac -noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Bob Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.)
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 40 from:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformGazj.jpg (with sumac -noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Bob Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.)
to:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformGazi.jpg (with sumac -noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Bob Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.)
28 October 2015
by -
Added lines 37-40:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformGa.jpg ga (dried cheese)
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformGazj.jpg (with sumac -noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Bob Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.)
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 21 from:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Cuneiform3.jpg 3 dis = 3 Vertical strokes = 3
to:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Cuneiform3.jpg 3 disz = 3 Vertical strokes = 3
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 34 from:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Cuneiform3.jpg 6 disz = 6 Vertical strokes = 6
to:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Cuneiform6.jpg 6 disz = 6 Vertical strokes = 6
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 23 from:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformSila3.jpg http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/sila3.jpg ie. 1 sila3 is approximately equivalent to 1 litre
to:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformSila3.jpg http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/sila3.jpg 1 sila3 - which is approximately equivalent to 1 litre
28 October 2015
by -
Added lines 31-37:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformBan2.jpg 1 ban2 (6. litre)
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Cuneiform3.jpg 6 disz = 6 Vertical strokes = 6
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformSila3.jpg where 1 sila3 is approximately equivalent to 1 litre
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 23 from:
http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/sila3.jpg ie. 1 sila3 is approximately equivalent to 1 litre
to:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformSila3.jpg http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/sila3.jpg ie. 1 sila3 is approximately equivalent to 1 litre
28 October 2015
by -
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 18 from:
http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.jpg = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
to:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformBan2.jpg http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.jpg = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 25 from:
to:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/CuneiformGee.jpg stands for ghee = clarified butter.
28 October 2015
by -
Changed lines 23-25 from:
http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/sila3.jpg
1 sila3 is approximately equivalent to 1 litre
1 sila3 is approximately equivalent to 1 litre
to:
http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/sila3.jpg ie. 1 sila3 is approximately equivalent to 1 litre
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 21 from:
%height=100px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Cuneiform3.jpg 3 dis = 3 Vertical strokes = 3
to:
%height=50px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Cuneiform3.jpg 3 dis = 3 Vertical strokes = 3
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 21 from:
http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Cuneiform3.jpg 3 dis = 3 Vertical strokes = 3
to:
%height=100px% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Cuneiform3.jpg 3 dis = 3 Vertical strokes = 3
28 October 2015
by -
Changed lines 20-21 from:
3 dis = 3 Vertical strokes = 3
to:
http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/Cuneiform3.jpg 3 dis = 3 Vertical strokes = 3
28 October 2015
by -
Changed lines 16-18 from:
||||http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.jpg
to:
**Line 1. 1(ban2) 3(disz) sila3 i3-nun (1 ban2 3 sila3 clarified butter)**
http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.jpg = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.jpg = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
Changed lines 34-37 from:
to:
**Line 3. ki ur-mes-ta (from Ur-mes)**
**Line 4. ur-{d}dumu-zi (did Ur-Dumuzi)**
28 October 2015
by -
Changed lines 20-26 from:
to:
3 dis = 3 Vertical strokes = 3
http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/sila3.jpg
1 sila3 is approximately equivalent to 1 litre
http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/sila3.jpg
1 sila3 is approximately equivalent to 1 litre
Changed line 27 from:
to:
Final symbol is for ghee = clarified butter.
Changed lines 29-35 from:
the
to:
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 3 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+3 = 9 litres) of clarified butter. This corresponds to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year (Englund paper.pdf p. 395)
**Line 2. 1(ban2) 6(disz) sila3 ga gazi (1 ban2 6 sila3 kašk-cheese with sumac)**
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 6 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+6 = 12 litres = 12/1.7 kg Englund paper.pdf = 7 kg = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling Englund paper.pdf p. 379] with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.
**Line 2. 1(ban2) 6(disz) sila3 ga gazi (1 ban2 6 sila3 kašk-cheese with sumac)**
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 6 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+6 = 12 litres = 12/1.7 kg Englund paper.pdf = 7 kg = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling Englund paper.pdf p. 379] with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.
28 October 2015
by -
Changed lines 16-18 from:

to:
||**Line 1. 1(ban2) 3(disz) sila3 i3-nun (1 ban2 3 sila3 clarified butter)**||
||||
||||http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.jpg = 1 ban2 (6. litre)||
||||
||||http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.jpg = 1 ban2 (6. litre)||
28 October 2015
by -
Changed lines 30-32 from:
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 3 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+3 = 9 litres) of clarified butter. This corresponds to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year (Englund paper.pdf p. 395)
to:
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 3 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+3 = 9 litres) of clarified butter. This corresponds to
the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year (Englund paper.pdf p. 395)
the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year (Englund paper.pdf p. 395)
28 October 2015
by -
Added lines 21-24:
 http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/sila3.jpg
Changed lines 27-29 from:
 http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/sila3.jpg
to:
28 October 2015
by -
Changed lines 20-21 from:
3 dis = 3 Vertical strokes = 3\\
1 sila3 is approximately equivalent to 1 litre
to:
3 dis = 3 Vertical strokes = 3
1 sila3 is approximately equivalent to 1 litre
1 sila3 is approximately equivalent to 1 litre
Changed line 36 from:
**Line 4. ur-{d}dumu-zi (did Ur-Dumuzi)**
to:
**Line 4. ur-{d}dumu-zi (did Ur-Dumuzi)**
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 20 from:
3 dis = 3 Vertical strokes = 3
to:
3 dis = 3 Vertical strokes = 3\\
28 October 2015
by - ]
Changed lines 20-21 from:
3 dis = 3 Vertical strokes = 3 (1 sila3 = 1 litre)
to:
3 dis = 3 Vertical strokes = 3
1 sila3 is approximately equivalent to 1 litre
1 sila3 is approximately equivalent to 1 litre
28 October 2015
by -
Changed lines 12-14 from:
The following is the translation by Englund, with additional explanation taken from Neo Babylonian weights and measures [CDLI Wiki]
Line 1. 1(ban2) 3(disz) sila3 i3-nun
Line 1. 1
to:
**Translation**
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line (in bold) is by Bob Englund. Additional additional explanation is taken, in particular from the CDLI Wiki Neo Babylonian weights and measures section.
**Line 1. 1(ban2) 3(disz) sila3 i3-nun (1 ban2 3 sila3 clarified butter)**
The following is a translation of the text of the front side of the tablet. The formal translation of each line (in bold) is by Bob Englund. Additional additional explanation is taken, in particular from the CDLI Wiki Neo Babylonian weights and measures section.
**Line 1. 1(ban2) 3(disz) sila3 i3-nun (1 ban2 3 sila3 clarified butter)**
Changed lines 28-30 from:
Line 2. 1(ban2) 6(disz) sila3 ga gazi
to:
**Line 2. 1(ban2) 6(disz) sila3 ga gazi (1 ban2 6 sila3 kašk-cheese with sumac)**
Changed lines 32-38 from:
Line 3
#tr.en: did Ur-Dumuzi
to:
**Line 3. ki ur-mes-ta (from Ur-mes)**
**Line 4. ur-{d}dumu-zi (did Ur-Dumuzi)**
**Line 4. ur-{d}dumu-zi (did Ur-Dumuzi)**
28 October 2015
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Changed line 14 from:
to:
Line 1. 1(ban2) 3(disz) sila3 i3-nun
Changed lines 28-37 from:
Line 2. 1(ban2) 6(disz) sila3 ga gazi
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 6 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+6 = 12 litres = 12/1.7 kg Englund paper.pdf = 7 kg = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling Englund paper.pdf p. 379] with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.
⁃
Line 3. ki ur-mes-ta
#tr.en: from Ur-mes
Line 4. ur-{d}dumu-zi
#tr.en: did Ur-Dumuzi
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 6 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+6 = 12 litres = 12/1.7 kg Englund paper.pdf = 7 kg = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling Englund paper.pdf p. 379] with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.
Line 3. ki ur-mes-ta
#tr.en: from Ur-mes
Line 4. ur-{d}dumu-zi
#tr.en: did Ur-Dumuzi
to:
Line 2. 1(ban2) 6(disz) sila3 ga gazi
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 6 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+6 = 12 litres = 12/1.7 kg Englund paper.pdf = 7 kg = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling Englund paper.pdf p. 379] with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.
#tr.en: 1 ban2 6 sila3 kašk-cheese with sumac,
Line 3. ki ur-mes-ta
#tr.en: from Ur-mes
Line 4. ur-{d}dumu-zi
#tr.en: did Ur-Dumuzi
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 6 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+6 = 12 litres = 12/1.7 kg Englund paper.pdf = 7 kg = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling Englund paper.pdf p. 379] with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.
#tr.en: 1 ban2 6 sila3 kašk-cheese with sumac,
Line 3. ki ur-mes-ta
#tr.en: from Ur-mes
Line 4. ur-{d}dumu-zi
#tr.en: did Ur-Dumuzi
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 14 from:
Line 1. 1(ban2) 3(disz) sila3 i3-nun
to:
/Line 1. 1(ban2) 3(disz) sila3 i3-nun/
28 October 2015
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Changed line 14 from:
1. 1(ban2) 3(disz) sila3 i3-nun
to:
Line 1. 1(ban2) 3(disz) sila3 i3-nun
Changed lines 28-29 from:
2. 1(ban2) 6(disz) sila3 ga gazi
⁃ Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 6 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+6 = 12 litres = 12/1.7 kg Englund paper.pdf = 7 kg = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling Englund paper.pdf p. 379] with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.
to:
Line 2. 1(ban2) 6(disz) sila3 ga gazi
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 6 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+6 = 12 litres = 12/1.7 kg Englund paper.pdf = 7 kg = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling Englund paper.pdf p. 379] with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 6 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+6 = 12 litres = 12/1.7 kg Englund paper.pdf = 7 kg = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling Englund paper.pdf p. 379] with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.
Changed lines 33-37 from:
3. ki ur-mes-ta
#tr.en: from Ur-mes
4. ur-{d}dumu-zi
#tr.en: did Ur-Dumuzi
#tr.en: from Ur-mes
4. ur-{d}dumu-zi
#tr.en: did Ur-Dumuzi
to:
Line 3. ki ur-mes-ta
#tr.en: from Ur-mes
Line 4. ur-{d}dumu-zi
#tr.en: did Ur-Dumuzi
#tr.en: from Ur-mes
Line 4. ur-{d}dumu-zi
#tr.en: did Ur-Dumuzi
28 October 2015
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Changed line 1 from:
(:title 2100-2000 BC: Akkadian cuneiform receipt for 9 litres of clarified butter and 12 litres of dried cheese:)
to:
(:title 2100-2000 BC: Akkadian cuneiform receipt for 9 litres of clarified butter and 12 litres of dried cheese with sumac:)
28 October 2015
by -
Changed lines 15-24 from:
to:
 http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.jpg = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
3 dis = 3 Vertical strokes = 3 (1 sila3 = 1 litre)
 http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/sila3.jpg
Final symbol is for ghee = clarified butter.
Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 3 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+3 = 9 litres) of clarified butter. This corresponds to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year (Englund paper.pdf p. 395)
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 14 from:
to:
1. 1(ban2) 3(disz) sila3 i3-nun
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 1 from:
(:title 2100-2000 BC: Akkadian cuneiform receipt for 3 litres of clarified butter and 6 litres of dried cheese:)
to:
(:title 2100-2000 BC: Akkadian cuneiform receipt for 9 litres of clarified butter and 12 litres of dried cheese:)
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 20 from:
⁃ 
to:
⁃  http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/sila3.jpg
Changed line 37 from:
#tr.en: did Ur-Dumuzi
to:
#tr.en: did Ur-Dumuzi
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 16 from:
⁃  [[http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.jpg]] = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
to:
⁃  http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.jpg = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
28 October 2015
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Changed line 16 from:
⁃  [[http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.tiff]] = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
to:
⁃  [[http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.jpg]] = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
28 October 2015
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Changed line 16 from:
⁃  ||http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.tiff|| = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
to:
⁃  [[http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.tiff]] = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
28 October 2015
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Changed line 16 from:
⁃  http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.tiff = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
to:
⁃  ||http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.tiff|| = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
28 October 2015
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Changed line 16 from:
⁃  = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
to:
⁃  http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/ban2.tiff = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
Deleted line 37:
28 October 2015
by -
Changed lines 10-38 from:
to:
On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible [see the second character group in lines 1 and 2]. Such characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. This receipt is from the end of the period of Akkadian rule, which lasted to 2100 BC.
The following is the translation by Englund, with additional explanation taken from Neo Babylonian weights and measures [CDLI Wiki]
⁃ 1. 1(ban2) 3(disz) sila3 i3-nun
⁃
⁃  = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
⁃
⁃ 3 dis = 3 Vertical strokes = 3 (1 sila3 = 1 litre)
⁃
⁃ 
⁃
⁃ Final symbol is for ghee = clarified butter.
⁃
⁃ Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 3 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+3 = 9 litres) of clarified butter. This corresponds to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year (Englund paper.pdf p. 395)
#tr.en: 1 ban2 3 sila3 clarified butter,
2. 1(ban2) 6(disz) sila3 ga gazi
⁃ Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 6 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+6 = 12 litres = 12/1.7 kg Englund paper.pdf = 7 kg = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling Englund paper.pdf p. 379] with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.
⁃
#tr.en: 1 ban2 6 sila3 kašk-cheese with sumac,
3. ki ur-mes-ta
#tr.en: from Ur-mes
4. ur-{d}dumu-zi
#tr.en: did Ur-Dumuzi
The following is the translation by Englund, with additional explanation taken from Neo Babylonian weights and measures [CDLI Wiki]
⁃ 1. 1(ban2) 3(disz) sila3 i3-nun
⁃
⁃  = 1 ban2 (6. litre)
⁃
⁃ 3 dis = 3 Vertical strokes = 3 (1 sila3 = 1 litre)
⁃
⁃ 
⁃
⁃ Final symbol is for ghee = clarified butter.
⁃
⁃ Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 3 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+3 = 9 litres) of clarified butter. This corresponds to the rental (3-5 litre/cow) from the production of butter oil of 2-3 cows over a year (Englund paper.pdf p. 395)
#tr.en: 1 ban2 3 sila3 clarified butter,
2. 1(ban2) 6(disz) sila3 ga gazi
⁃ Translates as 1 [6 litre] + 6 x 1 [1 litre] (ie total of 6+6 = 12 litres = 12/1.7 kg Englund paper.pdf = 7 kg = the cheese production normally assumed from the milk of one cow for a year p. 383, 389) of kašk-cheese [ga - dried cheese, which can be kept for years without spoiling Englund paper.pdf p. 379] with sumac [noting that the attribution of the herb gazi to the modern herb sumac is Englund's guess based on travelling in Iraq.
⁃
#tr.en: 1 ban2 6 sila3 kašk-cheese with sumac,
3. ki ur-mes-ta
#tr.en: from Ur-mes
4. ur-{d}dumu-zi
#tr.en: did Ur-Dumuzi
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 10 from:
On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible. Such characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. This receipt is from the end of the period of Akkadian rule, which lasted to 2100 BC.
to:
On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible [see the second character group in lines 1 and 2). Such characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. This receipt is from the end of the period of Akkadian rule, which lasted to 2100 BC.
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 1 from:
(:title 2100-2000 BC: Cuneiform receipt for 3 litres of clarified butter and 6 litres of dried cheese:)
to:
(:title 2100-2000 BC: Akkadian cuneiform receipt for 3 litres of clarified butter and 6 litres of dried cheese:)
28 October 2015
by -
Changed line 1 from:
(:title 2100-2000 BC: Cuneiform receipt for 3 ~litre of clarified butter and 6 litre of dried cheese:)
to:
(:title 2100-2000 BC: Cuneiform receipt for 3 litres of clarified butter and 6 litres of dried cheese:)
28 October 2015
by -
Added lines 1-3:
(:title 2100-2000 BC: Cuneiform receipt for 3 ~litre of clarified butter and 6 litre of dried cheese:)
Changed lines 7-8 from:
to:
Changed line 10 from:
On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible. Such characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. This receipt is from the end of the period of Akkadian rule, which lasted to 2100 BC.
to:
On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible. Such characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. This receipt is from the end of the period of Akkadian rule, which lasted to 2100 BC.
28 October 2015
by -
Changed lines 1-2 from:
||%center% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/AkkadianReceipt1.jpg||%center% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/AkkadianReceipt2.jpg||
to:
||%center% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/AkkadianReceipt1.jpg||
||%center% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/AkkadianReceipt2.jpg||
||%center% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/AkkadianReceipt2.jpg||
28 October 2015
by -
Added lines 1-2:
||%center% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/AkkadianReceipt1.jpg||%center% http://meta-studies.net/pmwiki/uploads/AkkadianReceipt2.jpg||
Deleted line 7:
28 October 2015
by -
27 October 2015
by -
Changed line 5 from:
On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible. Such characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. This receipt is from the period of Akkadian rule, which lasted to 2100 BC.
to:
On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible. Such characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. This receipt is from the end of the period of Akkadian rule, which lasted to 2100 BC.
27 October 2015
by -
Changed lines 3-6 from:
As with the The Sumerian civilisation was the source of cuneiform script, the earliest known alphabetic writing system arising in the period prior to 3,500 BC in the fertile plain of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. During the period of Akkadian rule, which lasted to 2100 BC, the abacus entered Sumerian life creating a further extension to the capacity t
to:
As with the later [[Site.CuneiformTag|Old Babylonian Tag]] in this collection, this is a receipt for goods from the Sumerian civilisation - the source of cuneiform script which was the earliest known alphabetic writing system. Cuneiform was developed in the period prior to 3,500 BC in the fertile plain of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible. Such characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. This receipt is from the period of Akkadian rule, which lasted to 2100 BC.
On this receipt, the characters for 3 and 6 are clearly visible. Such characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. This receipt is from the period of Akkadian rule, which lasted to 2100 BC.
27 October 2015
by -
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As with the The Sumerian civilisation was the source of cuneiform script, the earliest known alphabetic writing system arising in the period prior to 3,500 BC in the fertile plain of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The characters were shaped in a manner suitable to the medium being impressed on clay using wooden “stamps”. The number system developed within this script was based on powers of sixty rather than powers of ten as in contemporary systems. Even so, these ‘sexagesimal’ numbers were constructed with patterns corresponding to the numbers from 1 to 10. During the period of Akkadian rule, which lasted to 2100 BC, the abacus entered Sumerian life creating a further extension to the capacity t
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A receipt written in Summerian cuneiform for
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